Ch 1 Lec 8

Question 0

Who are two philosophers of ancient Greece?

Answer 0

Plato

Aristotle

Question 1

What are two historical roots of psychology in?

Answer 1

• Philosophy

* Science

Question 2

Nativism

Answer 2

Heredity provides people with inborn abilities and knowledge.

Question 3

Rationalism

Answer 3

reasoning (rather than experience) can provide access to certainty in knowledge.

Question 4

Empiricism

Answer 4

experience(rather than reasoning) can provide access to certainly in knowledge.

Question 5

Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Immanual Kant

Answer 5

• Rationalist
• Skepticism
• Nationalism
• Empiricism

Question 6

Structuralism

Answer 6

• The first school of psychology

* Attempted to analyze the different components of the mind and how they interact

Question 7

Analytic introspection

Answer 7

a method to research the conscious mind that involved having trained participants report the contents of their mental experiences.

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

• Studying how the mind influences helps an individual to adapt to a particular environment
• Reflected the influence of Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 9

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 9

emphasizes the role of the unconscious to identify causes of behavior.

Question 10

Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

• Founder of psychoanalysis

* Austrian neurologist

Question 11

Psychic determinism

Answer 11

the Freudian belief that all behavior is influenced by unconscious motives.

Question 12

What are two offshoots of traditional psychoanalysis?

Answer 12

• Psychodynamic therapies: general approach to treatment that explores childhood experiences and encourages clients to develop insight into their psychological difficulties.
• International psychotherapy(IPT): A form of psychotherapy where the goal is to improve current relationships

Question 13

Behaviorism

Answer 13

• Studying overt behavior

* The focus is on how the environment influences our action and learning.

Question 14

Behavior modification

Answer 14

The therapeutic procedures that are founded on the principles of operant conditioning.
• Positive reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

Question 15

Positive reinforcement

Answer 15

•Token economy: clients are given tokens for desired behaviors and these can later be used for useful rewards.

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

• Controversial technique sometimes used in combination with positive reinforcement.

Question 17

Extinction

Answer 17

• Flooding: client is exposed to stimulus that evokes intense anxiety.

Question 18

What is Cognitive behaviorism?

Answer 18

Both learning experiences and the environment influence our behavior. They provide us with the information that we require to behave effectively.

Question 19

What is The Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 19

The focus is on free will, finding meaning in your existence, and personal growth

Question 20

What are two opinion of Abraham Maslow about Humanistic perspective?

Answer 20

• Self-actualization

* Blongongness

Question 21

Self-actualization

Belongingness

Answer 21

• Self-actualization: a tendency to strive for the realization of our own potential.
• Belongingness: our basic human need to be accepted by others and to have companionship.

Question 22

What is Person-centered therapy and developed by who?

Answer 22

• A therapeutic approach that assumes everyone has a tendency towards growth and this can be facilitated by the acceptance and genuine reactions on the part of the therapist.
• Carl Rogers

Question 23

What methods of therapists using to facilitate self-actualization?

Answer 23

• Reflection of feelings
• Genuineness(people show what is real feeling rather than to pretend)
• Accurate empathy(ability to understand others’ feelings and problems)
• Unconditional positive regard (正向关怀)

Question 24

What is cognitive perspective and what does it focus on/examine?

Answer 24

• consider humans to be rational problem solvers and information processors
• focuses on the nature of mind and how mental processes that affect behavior

Question 25

What does cognitive perspective origin from?

Answer 25

Cognitive perspective has it’s origins in Gestalt psychology

Question 26

What are two focuses of Gestalt psychology?

Answer 26

• The focus is on how the mind organizes elements of experience into a unified or “whole” perception.
• Another focus is on the role of insight in problem solving.

Question 27

1950s there was renewed interest in the cognitive perspective, what are them?

Answer 27

• Psychologists’ involvement in WWII

* behaviorists and linguists debated how children acquire language

Question 28

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 28

uses electrical recordings and brain-imaging in order to assess neural activity while participants complete cognitive tasks.

Question 29

What is the purpose of cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 29

to determine how the brain performs cognitive activities (like problem solving, language,etc)

Question 30

What is sociocultural perspective?

Answer 30

How does our social environment influence our behavior, thoughts and feelings? How does our culture influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings?

Question 31

Social psychological research examines what?

Answer 31

examines topics that are relevant to social cognition and much of these research intersects with the biological perspective.

Question 32

Culture psychology investigates what?

Answer 32

investigates how culture spreads to its members. Another focus is on the similarities and differences across cultures.

Question 33

What is biological perspective?

Answer 33

a perspective with the focus on biological factors influence behavior.

Question 34

What does the roles of biological perspective include?

Answer 34

• Biological processes
• Genetic factors
• Evolutionary factors