Ch 1 Lec 8 Flashcards
Who are two philosophers of ancient Greece?
Plato
Aristotle
What are two historical roots of psychology in?
- Philosophy
* Science
Nativism
Heredity provides people with inborn abilities and knowledge.
Rationalism
reasoning (rather than experience) can provide access to certainty in knowledge.
Empiricism
experience(rather than reasoning) can provide access to certainly in knowledge.
Descartes, Francis Bacon, John Locke, Immanual Kant
- Rationalist
- Skepticism
- Nationalism
- Empiricism
Structuralism
- The first school of psychology
* Attempted to analyze the different components of the mind and how they interact
Analytic introspection
a method to research the conscious mind that involved having trained participants report the contents of their mental experiences.
Functionalism
- Studying how the mind influences helps an individual to adapt to a particular environment
- Reflected the influence of Darwin’s theory of evolution
Psychodynamic perspective
emphasizes the role of the unconscious to identify causes of behavior.
Sigmund Freud
- Founder of psychoanalysis
* Austrian neurologist
Psychic determinism
the Freudian belief that all behavior is influenced by unconscious motives.
What are two offshoots of traditional psychoanalysis?
- Psychodynamic therapies: general approach to treatment that explores childhood experiences and encourages clients to develop insight into their psychological difficulties.
- International psychotherapy(IPT): A form of psychotherapy where the goal is to improve current relationships
Behaviorism
- Studying overt behavior
* The focus is on how the environment influences our action and learning.
Behavior modification
The therapeutic procedures that are founded on the principles of operant conditioning.
• Positive reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction
Positive reinforcement
•Token economy: clients are given tokens for desired behaviors and these can later be used for useful rewards.
Punishment
• Controversial technique sometimes used in combination with positive reinforcement.
Extinction
• Flooding: client is exposed to stimulus that evokes intense anxiety.
What is Cognitive behaviorism?
Both learning experiences and the environment influence our behavior. They provide us with the information that we require to behave effectively.
What is The Humanistic Perspective?
The focus is on free will, finding meaning in your existence, and personal growth
What are two opinion of Abraham Maslow about Humanistic perspective?
- Self-actualization
* Blongongness
Self-actualization
Belongingness
- Self-actualization: a tendency to strive for the realization of our own potential.
- Belongingness: our basic human need to be accepted by others and to have companionship.
What is Person-centered therapy and developed by who?
- A therapeutic approach that assumes everyone has a tendency towards growth and this can be facilitated by the acceptance and genuine reactions on the part of the therapist.
- Carl Rogers
What methods of therapists using to facilitate self-actualization?
- Reflection of feelings
- Genuineness(people show what is real feeling rather than to pretend)
- Accurate empathy(ability to understand others’ feelings and problems)
- Unconditional positive regard (正向关怀)
What is cognitive perspective and what does it focus on/examine?
- consider humans to be rational problem solvers and information processors
- focuses on the nature of mind and how mental processes that affect behavior
What does cognitive perspective origin from?
Cognitive perspective has it’s origins in Gestalt psychology
What are two focuses of Gestalt psychology?
- The focus is on how the mind organizes elements of experience into a unified or “whole” perception.
- Another focus is on the role of insight in problem solving.
1950s there was renewed interest in the cognitive perspective, what are them?
- Psychologists’ involvement in WWII
* behaviorists and linguists debated how children acquire language
What is cognitive neuroscience?
uses electrical recordings and brain-imaging in order to assess neural activity while participants complete cognitive tasks.
What is the purpose of cognitive neuroscience?
to determine how the brain performs cognitive activities (like problem solving, language,etc)
What is sociocultural perspective?
How does our social environment influence our behavior, thoughts and feelings? How does our culture influence our behavior, thoughts, and feelings?
Social psychological research examines what?
examines topics that are relevant to social cognition and much of these research intersects with the biological perspective.
Culture psychology investigates what?
investigates how culture spreads to its members. Another focus is on the similarities and differences across cultures.
What is biological perspective?
a perspective with the focus on biological factors influence behavior.
What does the roles of biological perspective include?
- Biological processes
- Genetic factors
- Evolutionary factors
