Ch 8

Question 1

Describe the relationship of BF% to health

Answer 1

Too much fat can be bad due to it increasing disease risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, etc.

Too little fat can lead to anorexia and we need fat to cushion organs, insulate the body, and store metabolic fuel

Question 2

Lowest recommended BF% for men and women

Answer 2

Men- 3%

Women- 10%

Question 3

Upper levels if BF% for men and women

Answer 3

Men- greater than 22

Women- greater than 32

Question 4

Describe the two component model

Answer 4

Divides your fat free mass (bone, muscle, water) and your fat mass

Question 5

Siri and Brozek equations

Answer 5

Equations used to convert Hydro static weight to BF%

Question 6

How can age, gender, ethnicity, affect FFB density? How does that affect 2C

Answer 6

All these factors can prove the assumptions if the 2c model wrong since there is no population specific equation.

Question 7

Multi component model

Answer 7

This model factors in population subgroups and has specific population subgroup equations to get a more accurate measurement. It also measures water and mineral percentage

Question 8

Hydrodensiometry

Answer 8

Underwater weighing
Client sits in chair with little clothes on tare weight is taken of equipment dunked and then the client is put underwater told to expire all air maximally to then get the weight recored.

Question 9

Fat free body

Answer 9

Water, protein, mineral

Question 10

Fat mass

Answer 10

Percentage of fat in body

Question 11

DB

Answer 11

Body density ratio of body mass to body volume

Question 12

Residual volume

Answer 12

Maximally expiring air out if lungs

Question 13

Functional residual capacity

Answer 13

Leftover volume of air in the lungs after expiration

Question 14

Tare weight

Answer 14

Any equipment dunked with the client that weight needs to be recorded and factored out

Question 15

Air displacement plethysmomretry

Answer 15

Use air displacement and pressure volume relationships to estimate body volume (bod pod)

Question 16

Dual energy x ray absorptiometry

Answer 16

Reference method for body composition best for estimating mineral contributions to FFB

Question 17

Impedance and resistance in BIA

Answer 17

Impedance- opposition to the flow of the current (measures total body water)

Resistance- more fat makes the current harder to flow through the body

Question 18

Android vs Gynoid

Answer 18

Android- apple shaped male more in guy

Gynoid pear shaped more in females legs glutes lower extremities

Question 19

Antrhopometry

Answer 19

Measurement of the size and proportion of the human body

Question 20

Identify the reference methods compare them

Answer 20

Hydrostatic weighing
Air displacement plethsmometry

ADP better due to less client comprehension and speed of the method

Question 21

Field methods

Compare them

Answer 21

Skinfold
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Ultrasound

Skinfold invasive and hard to do if noe trained

BIA and ultra sound: noninvasive and easier to use

Question 22

Hydrostatic weighing

Accuracies and sources of error

Answer 22

Accuracy: + or - 1-3%
Sources of error:
- client errors (doesnt maximally exhale)
- technician errors (not proper calibration)
- 2C component model need a population specific

Question 23

Air Displacement Plethsmometry

Accuracies and sources if error

Answer 23

Accuracy: + or - 1-3% or 3.5%
Sources of error:
- client factors (client movement)
- technician errors (poor calibration)

Question 24

Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry

Accuracy and sources of error

Answer 24

Accuracy: + or - 1-3% 
Sources of error:
- client is fasted 
- technician error 
- no standardized equipment yet different models are used

Question 25

Skinfold

Accuracy and sources of error

Answer 25

Accuracy: can be very accurate if technician is a pro.
Sources of error:
- distribution of subcutaneous fat is similar for all people
- type of skin caliper
- client factors
- technician errors

Question 26

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Answer 26

Accuracy: + or - 1-3%
Sources of error:
- analyzer being used 
- client factors
- technician skill
- environmental factors 
- FFM prediction equation

Question 27

Theory of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis

Answer 27

Noninvasive method of attaching electrodes to parts of the body to send currents of electricity through the body to see how conductable the current is through the body

• water conducts electricity fat does not and so it will be slowed down and recorded.

Question 28

Theory of ADP (Boyles law principle)

Answer 28

Boyles law- pressure and volume are inversely related

• bod pod is used by using the pressure in the system to measure the body volume.

Question 29

Theory of Hydrodensiometry (Archimedes Principle)

Answer 29

Hydrostatic weighing requires a person to void and lose clothes to sit in a chair that will be dunked into water up to their neck they will then expire maximally and dunk their head under water till data is recorded the data is going to be their hydrostatic weigh to then be converted into BF%

Archimedes Principle: weight of body under water is directly proportional to the volume of water displaced by the body’s volume (HW determined BV)

Question 30

Test sites for skinfold

Answer 30

Chest, subscapular, midaxillary, supriliac, abdominal, triceps, biceps, thigh, calf

Question 31

How are body mass index and waist to hip ratio used to identify clients at risk due to obesity?

Answer 31

Both measure subcutnaeous fat in regions of the body that often indicate a possibility of risk factors for obesity or diseases