Ch 7 X- ray Production Flashcards by Steph Trautz

2 types of x-rays:

characteristic and bremsstrahlung

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kinetic energy is:

the energy of motion

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all electrons have the same ____ and _____, therefore their KE is increased by ____

mass and velocity, raising the kVp

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as electron KE is increased both the ____ and _____ of the beam are increased

both the intensity (quantity) and energy (quality) of the beam are increased

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the distance b/w the filament and x-ray tube is only”

1 cm

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x-ray tube current is aka:

projectile electrons

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when projectile electrons hit the atoms of the target they:

transfer their KE

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projectile electrons interact with ______ or ______ of the target atoms resulting in:

orbital electrons or nuclear field of the target atoms resulting in the conversion of KE to thermal energy (heat) or electromagnetic radiation (x-rays)

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the 99% heat is due to:

projectile electrons interacting with outer shell electrons but not ionizing, so they are constantly excited (heated)

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production of heat is directly related to:

the increasing x-ray tube current

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heat production also in directly related to:

increasing kVp

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characteristic radiation is when:

projectile electrons interact with an inner shell electron of the target rather than an outer shell electron

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the interaction is violent enough to:

ionize the target atom through total removal of an inner shell electron

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*characteristic x-rays are emitted when:

an outer shell electron fills an inner shell void

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the transition of an outer shell electron to an inner shell is accompanied by:

the emission of an x-ray

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the x-ray emitted has the energy equal to:

the difference of the binding energy of the electrons involved

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K-rays result from:

electron transitions into the K shell

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*only the _____ x-rays of _____ are useful for imaging

K-characteristic x-rays of tungsten

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*this type of x-radiation is called characteristic because:

it is characteristic of the target element

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bremsstrahlung radiation is when:

a projectile electron loses its KE due to its interaction with the nuclear field of the target atom

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the lost KE is turned into:

electromagnetic energy

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a projectile electron that completely avoids the orbital electrons as it passes through a target atom:

may become sufficiently close to the nucleus to be influenced by its electric field

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because the electron is (-) and the nucleus is (+):

there is electrostatic force of attraction b/w them

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as the projectile electron passes by the nucleus it ____; the lost KE reappears as____

is slowed down and changes its course, leaving with reduced KE in a different direction; the lost KE reappears as an x-ray

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Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced when:

a projectile electron si slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus

"Bremsstrahlung" means

"slowed down radiation"

*In the diagnostic range most x-rays are: Characteristic or Bremsstrahlung?

Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung x-rays can be produced at _____ projectile electron energy

any

K-characteristic x-rays require an x-ray tube potential of ____

at least 69 kVp

*a discrete spectrum contains:

only specific values

*a continuous spectrum contains:

all possible values

the discrete characteristic x-rays are characteristic of:

the differences b/w electron binding energies in a particular element

fixed (or discrete) energies form:

a discrete emission spectrum

Bremsstrahlung x-rays energies range from:

the peak electron energy to 0

a range of energies forms:

a continuous emission spectrum

*maximum x-ray energy is associated with:

minimum x-ray wavelength

maximum x-ray energy is numerically equal to the:

kVp

in the electron emission graph the farther right a spectrum is:

the higher the effective energy of the beam (quality) (keV)

the larger the area under the curve:

the higher the intensity (quantity) (number of x-rays)

*a change in mA or mAs results in a proportional change in:

the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum at all energies

*a change in kVp has ___ effect on the _____ emission spectrum

no, discrete

*15% increase in kVp is equal to ______ but it does not _____

equal to doubling the mAs but does not double the intensity

adding filtration to the beam reduces _____ while increasing _____

reduces intensity while increasing the average energy

filtration is sometimes called _____ because ____

hardening, because of the increase in average energy

the atomic number (Z) of the target affects both:

the number (quantity) and effective energy (quality)

as the (Z) increases so does:

the efficiency of the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation

half-wave and full-wave rectified waveforms are the same except for:

the frequency of the pulse repetition

the difference b/w 3 phase 6 pulse and 3 phase 12 pulse is:

the reduced ripple of the 12 pulse

*because of the reduced ripple in 3 phase and high frequency, it is equal to:

a 12% increase in kVp or a doubling of mAs in a single phase

increase in current (mAs) results in:

increased quantity, no change in quality

increase in voltage (kVp):

increase in both quality and quantity

added filtration results in:

decrease in quantity, increase in quality

increase in target atomic # (Z) results in:

increase in both quality and quantity

increase in voltage ripple results in:

decrease in both quality and quantity

peak x _____ = average keV

peak x .707 = average keV

average keV x ___ = peak

average keV x 1.41 = peak

discrete will only change if:

you raise the kVp higher than the characteristic kVp

any shift of the peak left or right means:

a change in energy

change in mAs:

change in quantity

change in kVp:

change in quantity and quality

when you add filtration the peak:

drops lower and to the right

Compton radiation affects:

outer shell electrons

photoelectric radiation affects:

inner shell electrons

pair production requires ___ MeV

.02 MeV

photodisintigration requires ___ MeV

2 MeV

classic=

soft tissue

increase in kVp = _____ in amplitude and a peak movement to the _____

increase in amplitude and a peak movement to the right

decrease in kVp = ____ in amplitude and a peak movement to the _____

decrease in amplitude and a peak movement to the left

in a graph with multiple peaks, the Bremsstrahlung peak is located (right or left):

to the left (lowest energy)

high frequency's peak will be:

the highest and most to the right

single phase's peak will be:

the lowest and most to the left

minimum wavelength = _______

1.24/keV (Angstroms)

Angstrom = ____

10^-10 m

the ____ the IR size..... the ____ the SID..... the ____ the angle.... the more likely to have heel effect

the larger the IR size the larger the SID the smaller the angle