Ch 2 The Structure of Matter Flashcards
groups on the PTOE are:
vertical, 8, tell you the number of electrons in the outermost shell, groups act chemically the same
periods on the PTOE are:
horizontal, 7, tells you the maximum number of shells you can have (K-Q)
the K shell can only have __ electrons
2
the outermost shell can only have ___ electrons
8 or less
*the smallest part of an element is _____
an atom
Dmitri Mendeleev:
showed that elements in order of increasing atomic mass (A) created a repetition of similar chemical properties (1st PTOE)
Niels Bohr:
1913 created the solar system atom, electrons revolve around a nucleus in orbits, nucleus is positive, electrons are negative
*The fundamental particles of an atom are the:
electron, proton & neutron
1 atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to:
1/2 the mass of a carbon-12 atom
amu of an electron:
0
amu of a proton:
1
amu of a neutron:
1
*The atom is essentially:
empty space
the number of protons determines the:
chemical element
*In their normal state atoms are electrically:
neutral, their charge is 0
to eject an electron (to ionize an atom) from an atom you need ___
34 eV
*Ionization is:
the removal or addition of an orbital electron from an atom
the number of neutrons is always:
greater than the number of protons
*No outer shell can have more than__
8 electrons
*Centripetal force is:
“center seeking”, the force that keeps an electron in orbit
Centrifugal fore is:
“flying out from the center”, so electrons keep their distance from the nucleus, will kick an electron out
electron binding energy is:
the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus
atomic # is:
Z, number of protons, determines chemical behavior
atomic mass # is:
A, number of protons and neutrons
*The atomic mass number and the precise mass of an atom are:
not equal
*istoPe:
have the same number of PROTONS and same atomic number (Z), different mass and neutrons
*isobAr:
same ATOMIC MASS (A), different atomic number, neutrons, and protons but same number of nucleons total
*isotoNe:
same NEUTRON number, different proton number
*isoMer:
metastable, same A, Z, p & n numbers
*The smallest particle of a compound is a ___
molecule
oxygen and hydrogen makes water by:
covalent bonds
*Radioactivity is:
the emission of alpha and beta particles and energy in order to become stable
Which is bigger, a Ci or Bq?
Bq
the higher the dps the ___ dangerous
more
*Radioactive decay results in:
emission of alpha and beta particles and usually gamma rays
*Half-life is:
the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one half its original value
the radioactivity of a radioisotope steadily:
decreases but never disappears
*radioactive decay
activity remaining=
original activity (0.5)^n n=number of half lives
*3.3 half lives=
one tenth a life
*an alpha particle is equivalent to:
a helium nucleus
an alpha particle has __ neutrons, __ protons, a mass of __ amu, a QF of __, its charge is ___
2 neutrons, 2 protons, a mass of 4 amu, a QF of 20, charge of 2 positive units
a beta particle is a ____, has an atomic mass of __ amu, its charge is ____, is aka ____
electron emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom, atomic mass of 0 amu, 1 unit of negative OR positive charge, aka positrons or animatter
the only difference between BETA particles and ELECTRONS are:
the origin, beta particles are in the nucleus of radioactive atoms, electrons are in the shells outside of electrons
x-rays and gamma rays are ____ radiation, often called ____
electromagnetic radiation, often called photons
photons have ___ mass (__amu), ___ charge and travel at___, have ____ range in matter
no mass (0 amu), no charge, travel at the speed of light, unlimited range in matter
the only difference between X-RAYS and GAMMA rays are:
their origins, x-rays are in the shells outside of the nucleus, gamma rays are in the nucleus of a radioisotope
neutron + protons are aka:
nucleons
the PTOE is arranged by:
Z# and proton#
the proton# tells you the:
element and chemical behavior
the higher the QF the ___ energy transfer
more
Be
Beryllium
C
Carbon
O
Oxygen
Al
Aluminum
Ca
Calcium
Fe
Iron
Cu
Copper
Mo
Molybdenum
Rh
Rhodium
Ru
Ruthenium
Ag
Silver
Sn
Tin
I
Iodine
Ba
Barium
W
Tungsten
Re
Rhenium
Au
Gold
Pb
Lead
U
Uranium