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Physics > Ch 1 Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science > Flashcards

Ch 1 Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science Flashcards

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1
Q

matter:

A

anything that occupies space and has mass, the material substance that physical objects are composed of

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2
Q

all matter is composed of fundamental building blocks:

A

atoms

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3
Q

mass:

A

the quantity of matter contained in any physical object (weight)

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4
Q

mass is measured in:

A

kilograms (kg)

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5
Q

energy:

A

the ability to do work

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6
Q

potential energy:

A

the ability to do work by virtue of position

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7
Q

kinetic energy:

A

energy of motion

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8
Q

chemical energy:

A

energy released by a chemical reaction

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9
Q

electrical energy:

A

represents the work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference (voltage)

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10
Q

thermal energy (heat):

A

the energy of motion at the molecular level

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11
Q

nuclear energy:

A

the energy contained within the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

electromagnetic energy:

A

type of energy used in x-rays, includes radio waves, microwaves, and ultraviolet, infrared, and visible light

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13
Q

radiation:

A

the transfer of energy

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14
Q

matter that intercepts radiation and absorbs part or all is said to be:

A

exposed or irradiated

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15
Q

ionization:

A

the removal of an electron from an atom

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16
Q

the only forms of electromagnetic radiation with sufficient energy to ionize are:

A

x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light

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17
Q

particle-type ionizing radiation are:

A

alpha and beta particles

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18
Q

natural environmental radiation has an annual dose of:

A

3mSv

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19
Q

man-made environmental radiation has an annual dose of:

A

3.2mSv

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20
Q

natural environmental radiation comes from:

A

cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, internally deposited radionuclides, and radon

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21
Q

the largest source of natural environmental radiation is:

A

radon, radon emits alpha particles which are not penetrating and only contributes a radiation dose to the lungs

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22
Q

the largest source of man-made environmental radiation is:

A

diagnostic x-rays

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23
Q

x-rays were discovered:

A

on November 8, 1895 by Roentgen at the Wurzburg University in Germany using a Crookes tube

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24
Q

by exposing two glass x-ray plates with the emulsion surfaces together:

A

exposure time was halves and the image was considerably enhanced

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25
Q

fluoroscopy was developed:

A

in 1898 by Thomas Edison

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26
Q

Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of:

A

the Snook transformer and the Coolidge x-ray tube

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27
Q

the first x-ray fatality in the US occurred in:

A

1904

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28
Q

in early years radiation injuries included:

A

skin damage, loss of hair, anemia and leukemia

29
Q

filters are used for:

A

inserted into the x-ray tube housing so low energy rays are absorbed before they reach the patient

30
Q

collimation is used for:

A

restriction of the primary beam and spares the adjacent tissues from unnecessary radiation exposure

31
Q

intensifying screens are used for:

A

reducing the exposure of the patient to x-rays by more than 95%

32
Q

physics:

A

the study of interactions of matter and energy is all their diverse forms

33
Q

the base quantities include:

A

mass, length, and time

34
Q

the secondary quantities include:

A

energy, power, work, momentum, force, velocity, and acceleration; they are derived from a combination of the base quantities

35
Q

the special quantities include:

A

exposure, dose, effective dose, and radioactivity; they support measurements

36
Q

the second (s) is based on:

A

the vibration of atoms of cesium

37
Q

every measurement has two parts:

A

a MAGNITUDE and a UNIT

38
Q

mechanics:

A

deals with objects at rest (statics) and objects in motion (dynamics)

39
Q

the motion of an object can be described by two words:

A

velocity and acceleration

40
Q

velocity is:

A

(speed) a measure of how fast something is moving or the rate of change of its position with time

41
Q

acceleration is:

A

the rate of change of velocity with time, how quickly or slowly the velocity is changing

42
Q

if the velocity is constant, the acceleration is:

A

zero

43
Q

the fundament laws of motion were created by:

A

Isaac Newton

44
Q

Newton’s first law- Inertia:

A

A body will remain at rest or will continue to move with constant velocity in a straight line unless acted on by an external force.

45
Q

Newton’s second law - Force:

A

The force that acts on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration produced.

46
Q

Newton’s third law - Action/Reaction:

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

47
Q

Inertia is:

A

the property of matter that acts to resist a change in it state of motion

48
Q

the total momentum before any interaction is equal to:

A

the total momentum after the interaction

49
Q

the British unit of power is he:

A

horsepower (hp)

50
Q

1 hp =

A

746 W

51
Q

1,000 W =

A

1 kilowatt (kW)

52
Q

the law of conservation of energy states that:

A

energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

53
Q

two forms of mechanical energy used in radiology are:

A

kinetic energy and potential energy

54
Q

heat is:

A

the kinetic energy of the random motion of molecules

55
Q

the unit of heat is:

A

the calorie

56
Q

calorie is defined as:

A

the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C

57
Q

heat is transferred by:

A

conduction, convention, and radiation

58
Q

conduction is:

A

the transfer of heat through a material or by touching

59
Q

molecular motion from a high-temperature object that touches a lower-temperature object:

A

equalizes the temperature of both

60
Q

convection is:

A

the mechanical transfer of “hot” molecules in a gas or liquid form from one place to another

61
Q

thermal radiation is:

A

the transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation

62
Q

an x-ray tube cools primarily by:

A

radiation

63
Q

MRI with a superconducting magnet requires:

A

extremely cold liquids called cryogens (liquid nitrogen and liquid helium)

64
Q

air kerma:

A

the kinetic energy transferred from protons to electrons during ionization and excitation

65
Q

SI unit for air karma is:

A

mGy (absorbed)

66
Q

a becquerel is:

A

a unit of quantity of radioactivity material, the quantity in which a nucleus disintegrates every second

67
Q

Crooke’s or Coolidge? gas tube, partial-vacuum

A

Crooke’s

68
Q

Crooke’s or Coolidge? hot cathode tube, vacuum

A

Coolidge

Physics (13 decks)

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