ch 7- race and ehtnicity

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

human beings attempt to identify biologically distinct groupings based on physical appearances

Question 2

race and biology

Answer 2

• race is NOT a biological category
  -physical variations between groups- like skin color- are a product of geographical adaptations

Question 3

race is a social construction

Answer 3

• a product of human thought and interaction
  -physical characteristics used to distinguish racial groupings reflect cultural meanings

Question 4

ethnicity

Answer 4

a learned culutral heritage shared by a category of people that can include common national origin, ancestry, styles of dress, lanugage, dietary habits and ideology

Question 5

ethnic group definition

Answer 5

a group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Question 6

ethnic dress

Answer 6

the dress of a paricular group of people indigenous to a particular area, although one not need top have lived in that area to claim ethnic affiliation

Question 7

people can demonstrate ethnic affiliation by:

Answer 7

• wearing certain colors, silhouettes, patterns
  -certain gamrents
• certain jewelry
  -making body modifications

Question 8

cultural authentication

Answer 8

process by which a foreign object (clothing or dress) becomes incorporated into a culture and becomes authentic to that culture

Question 9

4 stages of cultural authentication

Answer 9

1. selection: adopting the object
2. characterization: when the culture gives meaning to the new object
3. incorporation: communicating about the object
4. transformation: altering the object for cultural distinctiveness

Question 10

racism

Answer 10

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial group; ised to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic

Question 11

microagressions

Answer 11

“brief,” everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because their group membership

Question 12

characteristics of microagression

Answer 12

• expressed towards marginalized groups
• can be verbal, nonverbal, behavioral
• are constant and consistent experiences of marginalized groups in everyday society
• perpetrators may be unaware that they have demeaned recipients

Question 13

outcomes of microagressions

Answer 13

• lower self-esteem
• produce anger and frustration
• sap psychic energy
• diminish feelings of worthiness
• create health problems
• reduce life expectancy
• deny equal access and opportunity to education, employment and health care

Question 14

colorism

Answer 14

process of discrimination that privileges light skinned people of color over their darker counterparts

Question 15

cultural appreciation

Answer 15

-when a person tries to understand and learn another culture as a way to expand their perspective and to relate to others cross-culturally
-involves understanding the meaning behind the symbols used from other cultures and using them appropriately
- creates cultural awareness
- leads to appreciation of other cultures

Question 16

cultural appropriation

Answer 16

• adopting part of a culture that is not your own and using it for your own purpose without understanding what it means in its original culture
  -can be harmful to those whose culture you are sharing and with those whom you share it
  -can be harmful to the original culture by creating stereotypes

Question 17

acculturation

Answer 17

changes individuals undergos as they move from their society of origin to a society of settlement, where they are a culturally non-dominant group

Question 18

berrys bi-dimensional model

Answer 18

increasing identification with one culture does not necessitate diminishing identification with another

Question 19

4 stages of berry’s bi-dimensional model

Answer 19

1. integration: a desire to maintain key feautres of heritage culture while also adopting key feautures of majority culture. most adoptive and associated with biculturalism
2. assimilation: maintenance of heritage culture is seen as undesireable while adaptation to majority is seen as highly important
3. separation: preference to maintain features of heritage culture while rejecting the culture of the majority group
4. marginalization: reject both heritage culture and majority culture. least adaptive