ch 7 principles of pathophysiology

Question 1

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 1

The study of how disease processes affect function of the body.

Question 2

What is the purpose of the cell membrane?

Answer 2

To protect the cell, and also selectively allow substances in and out of the cell.

Question 3

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 3

Convert glucose and nutrients into ATP.

Question 4

How can the water levels inside and outside, affect a cell?

Answer 4

It could dehydrate the cell and interrupt cellular and electrical functions.

Question 5

Supply of _____ must match the body’s glucose requirement.

Answer 5

Insulin.

Question 6

What could occur during anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 6

The body may become too acidic.

Question 7

Many diseases affect the ______ of the membrane.

Answer 7

permeability.

Question 8

What are the key structures that affect homeostasis?

Answer 8

The hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata.

Question 9

What occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

“Feed or breed” functions.

Question 10

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the PR and BP?

Answer 10

It reduces them.

Question 11

When does the sympathetic nervous system kick in?

Answer 11

“Fight or flight” situations.

Question 12

What are the chemicals present in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 13

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the PR and BP?

Answer 13

It increases them.

Question 14

Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged?

Answer 14

Between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

Question 15

What is tidal volume?

Answer 15

The volume of air moving in and out during each breath cycle.

Question 16

What is minute volume?

Answer 16

Amount of air moved in and out of the lungs within a minute.

Question 17

How do you calculate minute volume?

Answer 17

Tidal volume x respiratory rate.

Question 18

What are respirations controlled by?

Answer 18

The medulla oblongata.

Question 19

How can the alveoli’s ability to exchange gases affect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?

Answer 19

Can result in hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Question 20

What detects changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels?

Answer 20

Chemoreceptors.

Question 21

What is plasma oncotic pressure?

Answer 21

Proteins in plasma attract water, pull it away from cells and into the bloodstream.

Question 22

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 22

Water is pissed out of blood vessels and toward cells.

Question 23

What are some common causes of excessive permeability?

Answer 23

Sepsis or high altitude.

Question 24

What is SVR?

Answer 24

Systemic vascular resistance, the pressure inside of blood vessels, and also known as hypertension.

Question 25

Lack of sympathetic response can lead to _____.

Answer 25

Shock.

Question 26

What is the average output (stoke volume) of blood per contraction of the heart?

Answer 26

70 mL.

Question 27

What is preload?

Answer 27

The amount of blood returning to the heart.

Question 28

What is contractility?

Answer 28

How hard the heart squeezes.

Question 29

What is afterload?

Answer 29

Pressure the heart has to pump against, in order to force blood out into the system.

Question 30

What is stoke volume (output) based on?

Answer 30

Preload, contractility, and afterload.

Question 31

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 31

Stroke volume x beats per minute.

Question 32

Hypoperfusion can result in ______.

Answer 32

Shock.

Question 33

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 33

Low blood volume.

Question 34

What is distributive shock?

Answer 34

Low blood vessel tone.

Question 35

What is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 35

Heart fails to pump.

Question 36

What is obstructive shock?

Answer 36

Blood cannot flow.

Question 37

What are the signs of compensated shock?

Answer 37

Slight mental status change Increased PR Increased RR Delayed capillary refill Pale, cool, clammy skin Sweating

Question 38

When does decompensated shock occur?

Answer 38

When compensating measure fail.

Question 39

What is decompensated shock characterized by?

Answer 39

Decreased BP Altered mental status

Question 40

What is irreversible shock?

Answer 40

Inadequately perfused organ systems begin to die, death commonly follows.

Question 41

The body is ______ % water.

Answer 41

60.

Question 42

How is the body's 60% water mass distributed?

Answer 42

Intracellular- 70% Intravascular- 5% Interstitial- 25%

Question 43

What pulls fluid into the bloodstream?

Answer 43

Blood plasma proteins.

Question 44

What is edema?

Answer 44

Swelling associated with the movement of water.

Question 45

What is the shock-absorbing fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord called?

Answer 45

Cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 46

______ secrete hormones.

Answer 46

Glands.

Question 47

An allergic reaction can result in _____.

Answer 47

Edema.