ch 10 respiration and artificial ventilation

Question 1

Ventilation is the process of…

Answer 1

Moving air into and out of the chest.

Question 2

Inhalation is an _____ process, while exhalation is a _____ process.

Answer 2

Active; passive

Question 3

What happens during inhalation?

Answer 3

Chest muscles expand, and diaphragm contracts.

Question 4

What happens during exhalation?

Answer 4

Chest muscles and diaphragm relax.

Question 5

______ pressure pulls air into the lungs.

Answer 5

Negative.

Question 6

______ pressure pushes air out of the lungs.

Answer 6

Positive.

Question 7

What is the name of the amount of air moved in one breath?

Answer 7

Tidal volume.

Question 8

What is the name for the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute?

Answer 8

Minute volume.

Question 9

What is the word for the amount of air that actually reaches the alveoli?

Answer 9

Alveolar ventilation.

Question 10

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 10

The alveoli?

Question 11

What is the goal of ventilation?

Answer 11

To move air to and from the alveoli to aid with gas exchange.

Question 12

______ ______ bring blood close to the sacs.

Answer 12

Pulmonary capillaries.

Question 13

How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli.

Answer 13

Thin alveoli and capillary walls allow for gas exchange. Oxygen in alveoli moves into the blood, carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the alveoli.

Question 14

What is pulmonary respiration?

Answer 14

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood.

Question 15

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 15

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and circulating blood.

Question 16

How would a stab wound affect the chests ability to create pressure changes?

Answer 16

A stab wound allows air into the chest cavity and makes it impossible to create negative pressure for inhalation.

Question 17

How would a loss of nervous control affect the respiratory process?

Answer 17

A loss of nervous control makes it impossible to innervate respiratory muscles.

Question 19

How would a loss of blood affect the respiration process?

Answer 19

Blood loss reduces the amount of blood circulated to the alveoli.

Question 20

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 20

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Question 21

What is hypoxia?

Answer 21

Low level of oxygen.

Question 22

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 22

High level of carbon dioxide.

Question 23

How does the body compensate for hypoxia or hypercapnia?

Answer 23

Chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory system to breathe faster, heart rate increases, blood vessels constrict to aid with blood flow.

Question 24

How do you know if respiratory compensation is working?

Answer 24

Patient is in respiratory distress with normal skin color, and SpO2 readings.

Question 25

What are 7 signs of adequate breathing?

Answer 25

1- Equal expansion of the chest
2- Air is heard entering and leaving the body
3- Air is felt moving
4- Skin color is normal
5- Respirtory rate is between 12 and 20
6- Breathing rhythm is normal
7- Repiration depth is normal

Question 26

What are 7 signs of inadequate breathing?

Answer 26

1- AMS 2- Chest movement is uneven or minimal 3- Pulse rate is slowed (children) 4- Movements are limited to abdomen 5- Wheezing, crowing, stridor, gurgling, or gasping are present 6- Cyanosis 7- SpO2 level is below 95 8- Nasal flaring (children)

Question 27

What is emphysema?

Answer 27

A lung disease where alveoli are damaged/enlarged.

Question 28

What is an embolism?

Answer 28

A blockage in a blood vessel caused by a foreign substance, such as a blood clot that has traveled from its origin.

Question 29

What are the negative affects of artificial ventilation (positive pressure ventilation)?

Answer 29

Cardiac output and blood pressure drop because the heart cannot refill its chambers. Gastric distention can occur. Hyperventilation blows off too much CO2 and can lead to vasoconstriction.

Question 30

What is gastric distention?

Answer 30

Enlargement of the stomach. Occurs during artificial ventilation because air is diverted to the stomach.

Question 31

When ventilating a patient who is breathing rapidly or slowly, when should you squeeze the bag?

Answer 31

Upon inhalation.

Question 32

When should you add ventilation on a patient who is breathing slowly?

Answer 32

In-between the patients own breath.

Question 33

When is a jaw thrust most commonly used to manage an airway?

Answer 33

When the patient has a suspected spinal injury.

Question 34

What size mask should you use when ventilating through a stoma?

Answer 34

Pediatric.

Question 35

If you cannot ventilate through a stoma, what should you do?

Answer 35

Seal the stoma and ventilate through the nose and mouth.

Question 36

When would a partial rebreather be used?

Answer 36

To preserve CO2 levels to stimulate breathing.

Question 37

What is the blow-by technique?

Answer 37

Holding tubing or a nonrebreather mask 2 inches from the face so that air is passing over the face and is inhaled.

Question 38

Who is the blow-by technique used on?

Answer 38

Children and infants.

Question 39

How do you assist with the BURP maneuver during intubation?

Answer 39

Remove airway adjuncts, pinch the patients trachea, press downwards, upwards, and to the right while holding pressure.