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Completed > Ch 7: Microbial Nutrition > Flashcards

Ch 7: Microbial Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

What are macronutrients

A

Required in relatively large quantities: CHNOPS

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1
Q

What are the three general categories of essential nutrients for microbes

A

Macronutrients, micronutrients, organic growth factors

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2
Q

What are micronutrients

A

Required in small quantities; trace elements

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3
Q

What are organic growth factors

A

Cannot be synthesized by the cell from either nutrient and must be obtained from their food or environment. Example: vitamins

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4
Q

How are microbes classified

A

Based on how they get their carbon and energy

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5
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Get their carbon in the form of CO2 in the atmosphere

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6
Q

Two types of autotrophs

A

Photoautotroph and chemoautotroph

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7
Q

What does a photoautotroph use as the energy source

A

Light energy; photosynthesis

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8
Q

What does a chemoautotroph use as its energy source

A

Inorganic molecules

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9
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their carbon and energy from

A

Other organic molecules

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10
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic molecules produced by other organisms as their energy source. Glycolysis, respiration, fermentation

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11
Q

Two types of chemoheterotrophs

A

Saprobe and parasite

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12
Q

Saprobe

A

Source is dead organisms; free living, don’t require host; type of chemoheterotroph

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13
Q

Parasite

A

Source is live organisms, use a living host; type of chemoheterotroph

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14
Q

Passive transport

A

Random movement of molecules, ions, from areas of high conc to areas of low conc,no ATP required
Moves with the conc gradient

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15
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Random movement of solutes, high to low

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water; hi to low conc

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion that requires a carrier membrane protein

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19
Q

Active transport

A

Directional movement of molecules, ions from areas of low to high conc; ATP and membrane protein pumps are required. Moves against the conc gradient

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20
Q

Solid agar

A

Polysaccharide derived from seaweed, melts at 100°C and resolidify at 42°C. Poured at 45 to 50°C

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21
Q

Chemically defined agar

A

Reproducible in the lab by using an exact formula; synthetic

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22
Q

Chemically undefined agar

A

Unable to be reproduced in the lab by using an exact formula; extracts

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23
Q

General purpose media

A

Will grow a broad spectrum of bacteria; ex: TSA or TSB

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24
Q

Selective media

A

Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes and therefore encourages another or allows it to grow; Ex: salt agar and MacConkey agar

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25
Q

Differential media

A

Allows multiple types of microbes to grow, but are designed to display visible differences among the microbes. Ex: Mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, fermentation broths

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26
Q

Enrichment media

A

Contains complex organic substances or growth factors that a certain species must have in order to grow. Ex: blood agar

27
Q

Cardinal temperature range

A

The range of temperature for growth of a certain microbe: has a minimum, maximum, & optimum

28
Q

Psychrophile

A

Likes cold; two types obligate and facultative

29
Q

Which Psychrophile grows slower in cold

A

Facultative Psychrophile

30
Q

Mesophile

A

Likes warm: optimum 20 to 40°C

31
Q

Thermophile

A

Likes hot: optimum greater than 45°C

32
Q

Three categories of microbes based on oxygen use

A

Those that use O and can detoxify it; those that can neither use O nor detoxify it; those that do not use O but can detoxify it

33
Q

Two toxic byproducts of oxygen use

A

Superoxide Ion and hydrogen peroxide

34
Q

Two enzymes to detox The toxic byproducts of oxygen use

A

Superoxide dismutase and catalase

35
Q

What does superoxide dismutase do

A

Converts superoxide ions into hydrogen peroxide

36
Q

Does catalase do

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

37
Q

Aerobe

A

Can use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

38
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

Must use oxygen, cannot grow without it

39
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can use an alternative acceptor if O is unavailable can switch to fermentation; does not require oxygen and can grow without it

40
Q

Microaerophile

A

Requires small amounts of O (2-10%); do not grow in regular atmospheric levels of O of 20%

41
Q

Anaerobe

A

Cannot use oxygen as the final electron acceptor use alternate acceptors

42
Q

Obligate anaerobe

A

Will die if exposed to oxygen, lack detox enzymes, must either use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

43
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Obligate fermenters: do not use oxygen and can survive and grow to a limited extent in it. Must use fermentation only

44
Q

Thioglycollate

A

Reacts with oxygen to create anaerobic conditions; reduces the O/R potential of the media

45
Q

Resazurin

A

Red dye which is an indicator of oxygen

46
Q

What grows best in acid, neutral, or basic environments

A

Acidophiles, neutrophiles, & alkaliphiles

47
Q

Grows best in a hypertonic environment

A

Osmophile; ex: sugar or salt

48
Q

Halophiles

A

grows best in a hypertonic environment due to excess salt

49
Q

Xerophiles

A

grows best in a hypertonic environment due to lack of water

50
Q

Three classes of aerobes

A

Obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile

51
Q

Two classes of anaerobes

A

Obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe

52
Q

Define obligate

A

Exist in a very narrow niche, rigid in requirements

53
Q

Define facultative

A

Exist in a wide niche, flexible in requirements

54
Q

Barophile

A

Grow best upon being exposed to higher than normal atmospheric pressure

55
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division in prokaryotes

56
Q

What types of cells will tolerate and sometimes grow well in a hypertonic environment and why

A

Large cocci because of low surface area to volume ratio

57
Q

Doubling time or generation time

A

Amount of time required for a population to double

58
Q

Describe the lag phase

A

Recovery phase, little to no growth during this phase

59
Q

Describe the exponential phase

A

Rapid period of growth

60
Q

Three factors that cause growth to stop

A

Using up the nutrients available, increased waste production, crowded

61
Q

stationary phase

A

Cryptic growth is occurring. Number of live cells produced equals number of cells dying

62
Q

Describe the growth curve of a batch culture

A

Inverted “U” with four separate phases

63
Q

Describe the growth curve of a maintenance culture

A

Remains in stationary phase indefinitely

64
Q

Sensors that measure the chemistry or turbidity of a maintenance culture are called

A

Chemostat and turbidostat

65
Q

SPC

A

Standard plate count; written in standard notation

Ex: 1.92 X 10^8 cells/ml

Completed (12 decks)

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