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Ch 7: Microbial Nutrition Flashcards

0
Q

What are macronutrients

A

Required in relatively large quantities: CHNOPS

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1
Q

What are the three general categories of essential nutrients for microbes

A

Macronutrients, micronutrients, organic growth factors

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2
Q

What are micronutrients

A

Required in small quantities; trace elements

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3
Q

What are organic growth factors

A

Cannot be synthesized by the cell from either nutrient and must be obtained from their food or environment. Example: vitamins

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4
Q

How are microbes classified

A

Based on how they get their carbon and energy

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5
Q

What are autotrophs

A

Get their carbon in the form of CO2 in the atmosphere

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6
Q

Two types of autotrophs

A

Photoautotroph and chemoautotroph

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7
Q

What does a photoautotroph use as the energy source

A

Light energy; photosynthesis

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8
Q

What does a chemoautotroph use as its energy source

A

Inorganic molecules

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9
Q

Where do heterotrophs get their carbon and energy from

A

Other organic molecules

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10
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Use organic molecules produced by other organisms as their energy source. Glycolysis, respiration, fermentation

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11
Q

Two types of chemoheterotrophs

A

Saprobe and parasite

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12
Q

Saprobe

A

Source is dead organisms; free living, don’t require host; type of chemoheterotroph

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13
Q

Parasite

A

Source is live organisms, use a living host; type of chemoheterotroph

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14
Q

Passive transport

A

Random movement of molecules, ions, from areas of high conc to areas of low conc,no ATP required
Moves with the conc gradient

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15
Q

Three types of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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16
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Random movement of solutes, high to low

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17
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water; hi to low conc

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18
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion that requires a carrier membrane protein

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19
Q

Active transport

A

Directional movement of molecules, ions from areas of low to high conc; ATP and membrane protein pumps are required. Moves against the conc gradient

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20
Q

Solid agar

A

Polysaccharide derived from seaweed, melts at 100°C and resolidify at 42°C. Poured at 45 to 50°C

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21
Q

Chemically defined agar

A

Reproducible in the lab by using an exact formula; synthetic

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22
Q

Chemically undefined agar

A

Unable to be reproduced in the lab by using an exact formula; extracts

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23
Q

General purpose media

A

Will grow a broad spectrum of bacteria; ex: TSA or TSB

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24
Selective media
Contains one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbes and therefore encourages another or allows it to grow; Ex: salt agar and MacConkey agar
25
Differential media
Allows multiple types of microbes to grow, but are designed to display visible differences among the microbes. Ex: Mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, fermentation broths
26
Enrichment media
Contains complex organic substances or growth factors that a certain species must have in order to grow. Ex: blood agar
27
Cardinal temperature range
The range of temperature for growth of a certain microbe: has a minimum, maximum, & optimum
28
Psychrophile
Likes cold; two types obligate and facultative
29
Which Psychrophile grows slower in cold
Facultative Psychrophile
30
Mesophile
Likes warm: optimum 20 to 40°C
31
Thermophile
Likes hot: optimum greater than 45°C
32
Three categories of microbes based on oxygen use
Those that use O and can detoxify it; those that can neither use O nor detoxify it; those that do not use O but can detoxify it
33
Two toxic byproducts of oxygen use
Superoxide Ion and hydrogen peroxide
34
Two enzymes to detox The toxic byproducts of oxygen use
Superoxide dismutase and catalase
35
What does superoxide dismutase do
Converts superoxide ions into hydrogen peroxide
36
Does catalase do
Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
37
Aerobe
Can use oxygen as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
38
Obligate aerobe
Must use oxygen, cannot grow without it
39
Facultative anaerobe
Can use an alternative acceptor if O is unavailable can switch to fermentation; does not require oxygen and can grow without it
40
Microaerophile
Requires small amounts of O (2-10%); do not grow in regular atmospheric levels of O of 20%
41
Anaerobe
Cannot use oxygen as the final electron acceptor use alternate acceptors
42
Obligate anaerobe
Will die if exposed to oxygen, lack detox enzymes, must either use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
43
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Obligate fermenters: do not use oxygen and can survive and grow to a limited extent in it. Must use fermentation only
44
Thioglycollate
Reacts with oxygen to create anaerobic conditions; reduces the O/R potential of the media
45
Resazurin
Red dye which is an indicator of oxygen
46
What grows best in acid, neutral, or basic environments
Acidophiles, neutrophiles, & alkaliphiles
47
Grows best in a hypertonic environment
Osmophile; ex: sugar or salt
48
Halophiles
grows best in a hypertonic environment due to excess salt
49
Xerophiles
grows best in a hypertonic environment due to lack of water
50
Three classes of aerobes
Obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile
51
Two classes of anaerobes
Obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe
52
Define obligate
Exist in a very narrow niche, rigid in requirements
53
Define facultative
Exist in a wide niche, flexible in requirements
54
Barophile
Grow best upon being exposed to higher than normal atmospheric pressure
55
Binary fission
Cell division in prokaryotes
56
What types of cells will tolerate and sometimes grow well in a hypertonic environment and why
Large cocci because of low surface area to volume ratio
57
Doubling time or generation time
Amount of time required for a population to double
58
Describe the lag phase
Recovery phase, little to no growth during this phase
59
Describe the exponential phase
Rapid period of growth
60
Three factors that cause growth to stop
Using up the nutrients available, increased waste production, crowded
61
stationary phase
Cryptic growth is occurring. Number of live cells produced equals number of cells dying
62
Describe the growth curve of a batch culture
Inverted "U" with four separate phases
63
Describe the growth curve of a maintenance culture
Remains in stationary phase indefinitely
64
Sensors that measure the chemistry or turbidity of a maintenance culture are called
Chemostat and turbidostat
65
SPC
Standard plate count; written in standard notation | Ex: 1.92 X 10^8 cells/ml

Completed (12 decks)

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