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Completed > Ch 15 Specific Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 15 Specific Immunity Flashcards

0
Q

Specific immunity has two subcategories, what are they?

A

Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity

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1
Q

What is specific immunity

A

Ability to resist particular disease or foreign bodies. Recognition of foreign antigens and act to eliminate them in 2 ways.

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2
Q

Define humoral immunity

A

Formation of antibodies in response to antigens

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3
Q

Define cell mediated immunity

A

Direct destruction of an infected cell; “cell wars”

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4
Q

Define immunocompetence

A

Time period In fetal development when lymphocytes specialized to be reactive against 1 million or more foreign antigens. “Genetic programming”

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5
Q

What is acquired immunity

A

Immunity develops after exposure to foreign antigen; is individualized

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6
Q

Three characteristics of acquired immunity

A

Highly specific; develop memory for the future so second response is faster; tolerance (ability to distinguish self vs nonself)

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7
Q

What are Immunogens

A

Substances that induce the immune response: either antibody formation or activation of the cell mediated immunity or both. Must meet requirements of foreignness, size, shape and accessibility

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8
Q

What is an antigen

A

Large complex macromolecules; ex: proteins (strong), polysaccharides (weak). Could be capsules, viral capsids/envelopes, outer membrane molecules (LPS, flagella, etc); surface cells of fungi and helminths

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9
Q

What is an allergen

A

An antigen that stimulates an allergic response

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10
Q

What is a superantigen and give an example

A

Provokes an overwhelming response, can lead to sell shock, organ damage: toxic shock.
Ex: S. aureus

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11
Q

What is an epitope

A

Antigenic determining site; stimulate antibody formation and combine with them. “Sweet spot”
Antigenic receptors on B & T cells will recognize this and bind to them

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12
Q

What are haptens? Give an example

A

Not antigenic alone, become antigenic when bonded to a larger carrier molecule. (The combination of the two together is what becomes recognizable) Ex: penicillin

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13
Q

What are immunoglobulins

A

Group of glycoproteins present on the surface of B cell, they can be released as antibodies in blood serum and tissue fluid of mammals

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14
Q

_____ are found on the surface of B cells.

they become _____ when secreted.

A

Immunoglobulins on the surface of cells.

become antibodies when secreted.

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15
Q

Name the five classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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16
Q

IgG

A

80%; Gamma globulins; circulating, cross placenta, help phagocytes activate complements, long-term memory, neutralize toxins and viruses. most important

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17
Q

IgA

A

Help with passive immunity; Second most important immunoglobulin

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18
Q

Describe the structure of IgG

A

Quaternary protein bound to a carbohydrate- glycoprotein; consists of four separate polypeptide chains

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19
Q

IgG consists of four chains. Describe them and their bond

A

2 heavy and 2 light; held together by disulfide cross bridges

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20
Q

Describe the constant region of the IgG structure

A

Does not vary between antibodies of the same class

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21
Q

Describe the variable region of the IgG structure

A

Antigenic combining sites, specific for the antigen

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22
Q

Humans can make antibodies against 100 million different antigens but they do not have that many genes to code for them. How do they have the genetic ability?

A

They are able to rearrange genetic components to create an infinite variety

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23
Q

Specific immunity involves which two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

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24
Q

T cells mature where

A

In the thymus

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25
Q

Describe the helper T cell function

A

Stimulate or activate B cell and cytotoxic T cells; CD4 coreceptor

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26
Q

Describe the cytotoxic T cells function

A

Killer T cell; secrete toxic substances that cause infected cells to commit suicide; apoptosis; cell programmed death; CD8 coreceptor

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27
Q

Describe the memory T cells function

A

To remember the antigen

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28
Q

Describe the suppressor T cell function

A

Regulate response, shut it down

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29
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

In the bone marrow

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30
Q

B cells differentiate into what to cells

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

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31
Q

What is the function of a plasma cell

A

Make antibodies during primary response

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32
Q

What is the function of a memory cell

A

Make antibodies during the secondary response

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33
Q

What cells are involved in cell mediated immunity

A

T cells

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34
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity

A

B cells

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35
Q

What are MHC’s

A

Major histocompatibility complex; class of proteins determined by polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles; “proteins that are displayed that are genetically coded for”

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36
Q

Where are MHC I’s found

A

Present on the surface of all nucleated cells

** NOT RBC OR PLATELETS**

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37
Q

Where are MHC II’s located

A

Present on the surface of some white blood cells, dendritic and macrophage (APC’s)

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38
Q

Explain the macrophage or dendritic cell antigen presentation

A

Macrophage or dendritic cell will phagocytosis a pathogen, will process it and display the antigen on it’s MHC II

39
Q

What is the function of a T cell receptor on a helper T cell

A

Antigen specific (epitope) will bind to displayed epitope on the MHC II of APC

40
Q

What is the function of a CD4 glycoprotein coreceptor on a helper T cell

A

Will bind to the MHC II of the APC

41
Q

What binds to the helper T cell receptor

A

The MHC II presented antigen epitope on the APC binds to the helper T cell receptor

42
Q

Simultaneous recognition of self versus nonself is achieved how?
What do these events stimulate?

A

The MHC II will bind to the CD4 coreceptor on the helper T cell;
These events stimulate the helper T cell to become an activated helper T cell

43
Q

Activated helper T cells will release ___?

A

Cytokines; interleukins

44
Q

What are cytokines

A

Modulators of the immune response

45
Q

General function of interleukins

A

Activate other cytotoxic T cells; activate B cells and antibody production

46
Q

Activated helper T cell will activate _____

A

B cells

47
Q

activated B cells will divide into

A

Plasma cell and memory cell

48
Q

What does a plasma cell do

A

Produce and secrete antibodies in the primary response; first exposure

49
Q

What do memory cells do

A

Produce and secrete antibodies in the secondary response/future exposures

50
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

Activated B cell will divide by mitosis numerous times

51
Q

Where are antibodies formed

A

Made in the spleen and lymph nodes

52
Q

Describe the primary response

A

First exposure, short-lived, excrete antibodies in large numbers, about five days or eight cell generations are needed

53
Q

What is the latent period of the primary response

A

Lack of antibodies for the antigen, but activities are elevated

54
Q

What is a titer

A

Concentration of antibodies

55
Q

What is the secondary response

A

Future exposure, anamnestic response

56
Q

Explain neutralization

A

Antibodies fill the surface receptors/block the virus, enzyme or toxin to prevent it from attaching normally to its target cell/molecule. Deactivates toxins both endotoxin and exotoxin

57
Q

What is an antitoxin

A

Special type of antibody that neutralizes bacterial toxins

58
Q

Explain precipitation

A

Antigen is in solution and binds to antibody and forms insoluble complex that precipitates out. Can be filtered

59
Q

Explain a agglutination

A

If antigen on surface of bacteria,The antibodies can bind a group together by forming cross linkages, the clump can be filtered out by RES or consumed by phagocyte

60
Q

Explain opsonization

A

Antibodies cover bacteria and makes them more readily recognized by phagocytes. Ex: opsons can alter the capsule, protozoan and worms can be found this way when coated with IgE antibodies

61
Q

Explain the activation of complement

A

Series of enzymes found in the bloodstream that attack bacterial cells, cause their lysis. Especially true of gram-negative

62
Q

What are 3 sneaky tricks of pathogens

A

Antigen switching, cover their antigen up, hide their antigen or make it on accessible

63
Q

Explain antigen switching

A

They switch or alter the antigen so the immune system is always behind in the response

64
Q

Define cell mediated immunity

A

Antigenic dependent immune response in which cells of the immune system attack infected target cells

65
Q

Cell mediated immunity cannot be transferred through passive means unless ______

A

The actual lymphocytes are transferred

66
Q

Describe the first step of cell mediated immunity

A

And APC can present the antigen epitope as before in B cell activation

67
Q

A virgin cytotoxic T cell with a T cell receptor will bind to

A

Bind to the antigen epitope displayed in the MHC I of the APC and the CD8 coreceptor binding to the MHC I of the APC

68
Q

The 3rd step of cell mediated immunity involves activated ____ that release ____

A

Activated helper T cells will release cytokines: interleukins to costimulate the cytotoxic T cell

69
Q

What happens to the cytotoxic T cell in the fourth step of cell mediated immunity

A

The cytotoxic T cell becomes activated

70
Q

And activated cytotoxic T cell will differentiate into ____

A

Memory T cell, more cytotoxic T cells (“killers”)

71
Q

Cytotoxic T cell will cause ____ of infected target host cells

A

Lysis

72
Q

Cytotoxic T cell will go ____

A

On surveillance. By touch/kill, it finds an infected host cell and will release perforins and granzymes

73
Q

What are perforins?

A

Proteins that punch holes in the membranes of infected target cells

74
Q

What are granzymes

A

Proteins that activate enzymes to lead to apoptosis – cell programmed death – suicide

75
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells specifically target

A

Viral, bacterial or protozoan infected cells. As well as cancer cells and foreign tissues that have been implanted in the body

76
Q

What is the function of a regulatory T cell

A

“Calling off the forces” suppression of response, release cytokines to turn the response off

77
Q

What are natural killers

A

Related to T cells, lack specificity for antigens, Must bind to a cell

78
Q

What do Natural killers kill

A

Kill without stimulation of specific antigens, destroy malignant in virus-infected cells without previous exposure.

79
Q

Natural killer cells are always ____

A

On surveillance for cancer and viral infected cells

80
Q

What type of T cell is most involved in tissue/organ transplant rejection

A

Natural killers

81
Q

How is natural immunity acquired

A

During normal biological experience

82
Q

Explain passive natural immunity

A

Receiving antibodies from mother through colostrum or the placenta

83
Q

How is artificial immunity acquired

A

Protection obtained through medical procedures

84
Q

What is passive artificial immunity

A

Receiving antibodies produced by another animal. Example: shot for botulism

85
Q

What is active artificial immunity

A

Antibodies or lymphocytes produced as a result of immunization. Example vaccinations

86
Q

When getting vaccinations you cannot receive ____ cells, only ____ responses

A

Can’t receive killer cells, only humoral responses (antibodies)

87
Q

What are vaccines – immunizations

A

The exposure of a person to a material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

88
Q

Historically vaccines were called what? Exposure was to ____

A

Variolation. Exposure was to the pathogen directly

89
Q

Why did people vaccinated with cowpox not get smallpox

A

The epitopes are similar enough that you recognize them

90
Q

What does Vacca mean? Who was responsible for the smallpox cowpox study?

A

Cow. Edward Jenner

91
Q

What is the purpose of vaccines

A

To stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic (memory) response that primes immune system for future exposure of a virulent pathogen

92
Q

what are the five types of vaccines

A

Inactivated viruses or killed pathogens, attenuated strains, toxoids, antigenic molecules, genetically engineered

93
Q

What is in attenuated strain vaccine

A

Live strains that have lost their ability to be virulent

94
Q

What are toxoid vaccines

A

Consist of a purified bacterial exotoxin that has been chemically denatured. Ex: DTP vaccine

95
Q

What is an anti-genic molecule vaccine

A

Bits or pieces from pathogens; subunits, capsules, surface proteins

96
Q

Explain herd immunity

A

Individuals immune to communicable disease will not harbor it, thus reducing the occurrence of that pathogen. Can provide indirect protection for the non-vaccinated

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