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Completed > Ch 14 Nonspecific Defenses > Flashcards

Ch 14 Nonspecific Defenses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 1st line of host defense

A

Nonspecific; includes any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry

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2
Q

Describe the 2nd line of host defense

A

Nonspecific cellular and chemical immunity; internalized system of protective cells and fluids that include the inflammatory response and phagocytosis

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3
Q

Describe the 3rd line of host defense

A

Specific; immune response; highly specific immunity acquired on an individual basis

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4
Q

3rd line of defense is only found in what type of organism

A

only vertebrates

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5
Q

3 general types of nonspecific barriers

A

genetic, physical, & chemical barriers

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6
Q

4 examples of physical barriers

A

unbroken skin, mucous membranes, cilliary escalator, nasal hairs

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7
Q

6 examples of chemical barriers (chemical arsenal)

A

lysozyme, salt, acids, bile, oil, “other antimicrobial chemicals”

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8
Q

How does lysozyme work?

A

hydrolyzes the beta 1-4 glycosidic bond between NAG and NAM

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9
Q

What types of cells will salt have the least effect on?

A

halophiles, large cocci, gram +

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10
Q

immunology is the study of _____

A

the study of all features of the body’s 2nd and 3rd line of defense

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11
Q

What 2 things function as cell surface receptors

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins; self vs nonself

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12
Q

RES (reticuloendothelial system)

A

a support network of connective tissue fibers (reticulum) that interconnect nearby cells and meshes with the massive connective tissue network of all organs.

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13
Q

RES provides a niche for _____

A

phagocytic WBC

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14
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid; contained in the spaces that surround tissues

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

compartmentalized network of vessels, cell and specialized accessory organs

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16
Q

lymph

A

a plasma like liquid carried by lymphatic circulation

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17
Q

lymph nodes

A

glands, small encapsulated bean shaped organs; filter lymph, lymphocyte storage sites

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18
Q

spleen

A

filter blood, NOT LYMPH lymphocyte storage site

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19
Q

thymus

A

site of T cell maturation

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20
Q

GALT

A

gut associated lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

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22
Q

circulatory system components

A

heart, vessels, etc (not lungs)

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23
Q

Whole blood

A

liquid consists of blood cells suspended in plasma

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24
Q

serum

A

clear fluid from clotted blood

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25
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells; begins in the yolk

sac–>liver–>red bone marrow (in spongy bone)

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26
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells; can become almost any cell in the body

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27
Q

What does an RBC do

A

carry O2 and CO2

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28
Q

platelets

A

involved in clotting and inflammation

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29
Q

myeloblast forms what 2 major types of cells

A

mast cells and granulocytes

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30
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

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31
Q

monoblast forms what type of cell

A

monocyte

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32
Q

monocyte forms what 2 cells

A

macrophage and dendritic cell

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33
Q

what is a myeloblast

A

WBC or leukocyte forming cell

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34
Q

Why are they called granulocytes

A

have granules that stain a characteristic way

35
Q

what are granules

A

a mixture of toxic substances that release phagocytosis

36
Q

what is the most important granulocyte

A

neutrophils

37
Q

describe the neutrophil

A

most common; 50-90% of circulating WBC; produce toxic chemicals, do phagocytosis in early stages

38
Q

describe basophil

A

scarcest; similar to mast cells but motile; function in inflammatory events and allergies

39
Q

describe eosinophils

A

accumulate early at sites of infection and attract other WBC to release chemical mediators

40
Q

eosinophils are active in large _____

A

eukaryotic infections like worm and fungal infections, allergy and inflammatory reactions

41
Q

what are mast cells

A

non motile; 1st line defenders against local invasion of pathogens, recruit other inflammatory cells by releasing chemicals that cause + chemotaxis, trigger local inflammatory reactions, responsible for allergic symptoms, release of histamine, etc

42
Q

what is a monocyte

A

agranulocyte; 3rd most common, 3-7%, rapidly leave circulation and mature into macrophage or dendritic cell

43
Q

macrophage

A

largest phagocytes that ingest and kill foreign cells, wandering, motile, mop up messes, migrate out of blood stream, participate in specific immunity as an APC

44
Q

dendritic cells

A

cells that have elongated pseudopods (dendrites); participate in specific immunity as an APC

45
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell; will process foreign epitopes and display them among their MHC

46
Q

what is a lymphoblast

A

lymphocyte forming cell

47
Q

describe lymphocytes

A

2nd most common WBC, 20-30%; circulating WBC, cells involved in the specific immunity; agranulocytes

48
Q

lymphocytes become what 2 cells

A

T cells and B cells

49
Q

What are T cells

A

mature in the thymus; assist B cells and cause infected host cell apoptosis; cell mediated immunity (cell wars)

50
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell programmed death; tells cell to commit suicide

51
Q

T cells can become what 4 types of cells

A

helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell, suppressor T cell, or memory T cell

52
Q

describe B cells

A

mature in the RBM; differentiate into plasma cells and B memory cells to form antibodies in humoral immunity

53
Q

describe natural killer cells

A

active against cancerous or virally infected cells

54
Q

rubor

A

redness

55
Q

calor

A

heat

56
Q

tumor

A

swelling

57
Q

dolor

A

pain

58
Q

injury causes _____

A

injury–> vasoconstriction–> release of cytokines

59
Q

vasodialtion causes

A

vasodilation–> increased blood flow–> increase vascular permeability–> leakage of plasma into tissues (exudate formation)

60
Q

what is exudate

A

fluid that has leaked

61
Q

edema

A

infiltration of site by neutrophils and accumulation of pus

62
Q

histamines cause

A

cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, increase mucus production, release of mast cells

63
Q

diapedesis

A

WBC migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces

64
Q

pus

A

whitish mass of cells, liquefied cell debris and bacteria

65
Q

pyogenic

A

pus forming bacteria

66
Q

what is + chemotaxis

A

phagocytes are drawn to the site of an injury by chemicals that are released by mast cells (mobilization)

67
Q

phagosome

A

vesicle created by phagocytosis

68
Q

what do granules release into the phagolysosome

A

reactive oxygen products: H2O2, O2-, OH-, and other powerful antimicrobial chemicals

69
Q

phagolysosome

A

the combination of the phagosome and lysosome

70
Q

lysosome

A

contain digestive enzymes

71
Q

what are the metabolic changes that occur in a recently phagocytosis participating cell

A

switch to fermentation, create lactic acid, drops pH, digestive enzymes function at a higher level. The cell can then work at a 10x increase in effectiveness for the next victim

72
Q

what 2 bacteria can hide in a WBC as an intracellular parasite

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella typhi

73
Q

what 2 bacteria are resistant to phagocytosis and whay

A

Staph aureus and Mycobacterium leprae are highly resistant because they produce many leukocidins

74
Q

what are indogenous pyrogens and name 2

A

originating internally; released by monocytes in response to an endotoxin or interleukins released by T cells

75
Q

interleukins

A

released by T cells

76
Q

exogenous pyrogens

A

coming from outside the body. Ex: gram - endotoxin (The endotoxin itself causes the fever)

77
Q

pyrogenic

A

fever causing

78
Q

what are 3 benefits of a fever

A

speeds up everything: accelerate the response; inhibit growth of temperature sensitive microbes; impedes release of iron by macrophages and that affects bacterial nutrition

79
Q

what is interferon (IFN)

A

small protein produced by WBC and tissue cells in response to viruses and cancer cells.

80
Q

what can IFN inhibit

A

the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects

81
Q

what are complement proteins

A

consist of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and certain viruses

82
Q

what are iron binding proteins

A

proteins that sequester iron in the body, making it less available for microbial nutrition

83
Q

what are antimicrobial peptides

A

short proteins that insert themselves into prokaryotic membranes and kill the bacteria; might be the new age of therapeutic drugs (similar to antiseptics)

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