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NASM CPT > CH 7 Human Movement Systems > Flashcards

CH 7 Human Movement Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Human movement system (HMS)

A

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

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3
Q

Regional interdependence model

A

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

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4
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

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5
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms forward. It is the position of reference for anatomic nomenclature

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6
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible.

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7
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.

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8
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion occurring at the ankle.

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9
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle. Pointing the foot downwards.

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10
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves. Movement in the frontal plane includes abduction, adduction, and side-to-side motions.

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11
Q

Abduction

A

A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.

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12
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body.

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13
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending of the spine from side to side.

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14
Q

Eversion

A

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of foot faces outward.

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15
Q

Inversion

A

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. Bottom of foot faces inward.

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16
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves.

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17
Q

Internal rotation

A

Rotation of a body segment toward the middle of the body

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18
Q

External rotation

A

Rotation of a body segment away from the middle of the body.

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19
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position.

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20
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position.

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21
Q

Radioulnar pronation

A

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

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22
Q

Radioulnar supination

A

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position

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23
Q

Pronation of the foot

A

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with force reduction.

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24
Q

Supination of the foot

A

Multiplanar movement of the foot and ankle complex consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with force production.

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25
Q

Scapular retraction

A

Adduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

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26
Q

Scapular protraction

A

Abduction of scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

27
Q

Scapular depression

A

The downward (inferior) motion of the scapulae.

28
Q

Scapular elevation

A

Upward (superior) motion of the scapulae.

29
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched.

30
Q

Ligament

A

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

31
Q

Flexibility

A

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint.

32
Q

Hypermobility

A

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should, greatly increasing the risk of injury at that joint.

33
Q

Hypomobility

A

When range of motion at a joint is limited.

34
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening.

35
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates.

36
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

A muscle action that occurs when a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in a shortening of the muscle.

37
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it leading to no visible change in the muscle length.

38
Q

Core

A

The structures that make up the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC), including the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle, abdomen, and hip joint.

39
Q

Muscle action spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement.

A
40
Q

Agonists

A

The primary muscles providing force for a movement..

41
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement.

42
Q

Stabilizers

A

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves.

43
Q

Feed-forward activation

A

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.

44
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

45
Q

Force

A

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object.

46
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

47
Q

Resting length

A

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched.

48
Q

Actin

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction.

49
Q

Myosin

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction.

50
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines.

51
Q

Muscle balance

A

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position.

52
Q

Altered length-tension relationship

A

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

53
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

54
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

55
Q

Muscle imbalance

A

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

56
Q

Neutral position

A

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion

57
Q

Stretch-shortening cycle

A

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction.

58
Q

Series elastic component

A

Springlike noncontractile component of muscle and tendon that stores elastic energy.

59
Q

Amortization phase

A

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch-shortening cycle.

60
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening.

61
Q

Force-couple relationship

A

The synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint.

62
Q

Rotary motion

A

Movement of the bones around the joints.

63
Q

Integrated performance paradigm

A

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

NASM CPT (17 decks)

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