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12 HUMAN BIO ATAR > CH 7 GLOSSARY > Flashcards

CH 7 GLOSSARY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Active immunity

A

immunity produced by the body manufacturing antibodies against a foreign antigen

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2
Q

agglutination

A

the clumping together of micro-organisms or cells

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3
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical able to inhibit the growth of, or to kill, micro-organism, particularly bacteria

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4
Q

antibody

A

a substance produced in response to a specific antigen; combines with the antigen to neutralise or destroy it

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5
Q

antigen

A

any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues

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6
Q

antigen-antibody complex

A

a compound formed when an antibody combines with an antigen

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7
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A

phagocytic cells that digest pathogens and present the antigen to lymphocytes; include dendritic cells and macrophages

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8
Q

antiviral drug

A

drug used for the treatment of viral infections

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9
Q

artificial immunity

A

immunity produced by giving a person an antigen, which triggers the immune response, or by giving them antibodies to an infecting antigen

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10
Q

attenuated

A

describes micro-organisms that have been reduced in virulence

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11
Q

bacteria

A

unicellular, prokaryotic organisms with a cell wall but lacking membrane-bound organelles and an organised nucleus; singular: bacterium

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12
Q

bactericidal antibiotic

A

a drug used to treat bacterial infections by killing the bacteria

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13
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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14
Q

bacteriostatic antibiotic

A

a drug used to treat bacterial infections: it does not kill the bacteria but stops them reproducing

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15
Q

b-cell

A

a type of lymphocyte that develops into either a plasma cell that produces antibodies or a memory cell

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16
Q

broad-spectrum antibiotic

A

an antibiotic that affects many types of bacteria

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17
Q

cell-mediated response

A

the part of the immune response in which t-cells attach to antigens to destroy them; also called cellular immunity

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18
Q

cerumen

A

ear wax; secreted by special glands near the opening of the ear canal

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19
Q

cilia

A

hair-like projections from a cell; they beat rhythmically to move material across a tissue surface; singular: cilium

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20
Q

clone

A

a group of cells with the same genetic characteristics

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21
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease passed from one person to another by infection with micro-organisms; also called an infectious or transmissible disease

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22
Q

complement system

A

system of proteins produced by the liver that enhance the activity of antibodies and phagocytes

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23
Q

contagious

A

a disease passed on by direct human contact

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24
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that are released in response to antigens and act as messengers in the immune response

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25
Q

dendritic cell

A

an antigen-presenting cell, names due to the branch-like extensions from the cytoplasm

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26
Q

fever

A

an elevation of body temperature above the normal level of 37ºC

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27
Q

heparin

A

a substance that helps to prevent blood clotting

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28
Q

herd immunity

A

a type of ‘group’ immunity that occurs when such a high proportion of people in a population are immunised that those who are not immune are protected

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29
Q

histamine

A

a substance released in response to injury to cells; it results in an increase in blood flow

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30
Q

humoral response

A

a response triggered by foreign substances or micro-organisms entering the body, involving b-cells and the production of antibodies; also known as antibody-mediated immunity

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31
Q

immune response

A

a response triggered by foreign substances or micro-organisms entering the body

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32
Q

immune system

A

different types of ells that occur in most organs of the body and that protect against foreign organisms, alien chemicals and abnormal cells

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33
Q

immunisation

A

programming the immune system so that the body can respond rapidly to infecting micro-organisms

34
Q

immunity

A

resistance to infection from invading micro-organisms

35
Q

immunoglobulin

A

a particular group of proteins; antibodies are immunoglobulin

36
Q

inflammation

A

response to damage to a tissue; involves swelling, heat, pain and redness in the affected area

37
Q

interferon

A

any of several proteins that are produce3d by cells as a defensive response to viral infection, preventing the replication of the virus

38
Q

interleukin-1

A

a pyrogen produced primarily by macrophages

39
Q

killer t-cell

A

a type of t-lymphocyte able to kill cells that are damaged or infected with the virus or bacteria; also called cytotoxic t-cell

40
Q

leucocyte

A

a white blood cell; also spelt leukocyte

41
Q

lymphatic system

A

a system of vessels that train excess fluid from the tissues; also called the lymph system

42
Q

lymphocyte

A

a white blood cell that is responsible for the immune response

43
Q

lymphoid tissue

A

tissue containing many lymphocytes and macrophages; found mostly in the lymph nodes but also in the bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and thymus

44
Q

lysozyme

A

an enzyme that kills bacteria; found in tears, saliva and perspiration

45
Q

macrophage

A

a phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte (a type of white blood cell)

46
Q

mast cell

A

a type of cell found in loose connective tissue; involved in the inflammatory response

47
Q

memory cell

A

a type of cell that recognises an antigen to which the body has previously been exposed

48
Q

monocyte

A

a type of leucocyte found in the blood that migrates into damaged tissue and forms macrophages

49
Q

mucous membrane

A

an epithelial tissue that secretes mucous and lines many body cavities

50
Q

mucus

A

a slippery, stringy substance produced by mucous membranes

51
Q

multiple drug resistance

A

resistance of some strains of bacteria to most of the available antibiotics

52
Q

narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

antibiotic that affects only a particular type of bacteria

53
Q

nasal cavity

A

the large air-filled cavity above and behind the nose

54
Q

natural immunity

A

immunity that occurs without any human intervention

55
Q

neutrophil

A

a granulated leucocyte with a multilobar nucleus that is phagocytotic

56
Q

non-self antigen

A

any compound foreign to the body that triggers an immune response

57
Q

non-specific defence

A

defence of the body that acts against all pathogens

58
Q

passive immunity

A

immunity produced by the introduction of antibodies from another person

59
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-causing organism; often referred to as a pathogenic organism

60
Q

phagocyte

A

cells that are able to engulf micro-organisms and cell debris

61
Q

plasma cell

A

a cell that develops from a b-cell and produces antibodies

62
Q

plasmid

A

in a bacterial cell, small circular strands of DNA distinct from the main bacterial genome; composed of only a few genes and able to replicate independently within cells

63
Q

primary response

A

the response of the immune system to the first exposure to an antigen

64
Q

prokaryote

A

a single-celled organism lacking a distinct nucleus or specialised organelles

65
Q

pyrogen

A

a substance that results in fever

66
Q

recombinant DNA

A

synthetic DNA; made by inserting genes from one source into a DNA molecule from a different source

67
Q

sebum

A

an oily, waxy secretion from the sebaceous glands

68
Q

secondary response

A

the response to a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen; the secondary response is faster and more intense than the primary response

69
Q

self-antigen

A

any large molecule produced in a person’s own body; does not cause an immune response in that person

70
Q

specific defence

A

defence of the body that is directed against a specific pathogen

71
Q

suppressor t-cell

A

a type of t-cell that helps to slow down the immune response

72
Q

sweat

A

the liquid produced by the sweat glands in the skin

73
Q

t-cell

A

a lymphocyte that can differentiate into a number of different kinds of cell, all of which are involved in cell-mediated immunity

74
Q

total drug resistance

A

the resistance of some strains of bacteria to all antibiotics

75
Q

toxoid

A

a toxin from a pathogenic organism that is altered so that they acquire immunity without suffering form the illness

76
Q

vaccination

A

the introduction of antigens to a person so that they acquire immunity without suffering from the illness

77
Q

vaccine

A

an antigen preparation used in artificial immunisation

78
Q

vasodilation

A

an increase in the diameter of arterioles, increasing the flow of blood through them

79
Q

vector

A

an agent such as an insect capable of transferring a disease-causing organism from one person to another

80
Q

virulence

A

the disease-producing power of a micro-organism

81
Q

virus

A

as an infectious agent, too small to be seen with a light microscope, consisting of a protein sheath surrounding a core of nucleic acid; viruses are totally dependent on living cells for reproduction

12 HUMAN BIO ATAR (13 decks)

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