Ch 7: Early Childhood Physical and Cognitive Development Flashcards
who is referred to Early childhood
2-6 years
boys vs girls height and weight
boys are slightly taller and bigger than girls
brain development
-2 years old brain is 75% of total wight
-5 years old brain is 90% of adult weight
what increases brain size
myelination of nerve fibres
linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex helps in what way
development with fine motor skills, balance and coordination
from age 4-7 the nerves have been more myelinated what does this mean for development?
brain can be involved in the ability to sustain attention and screen out distractions
what hemisphere dominant is right handed people
left hemisphere
right hemisphere functions
visual-spatial functions, aesthetic and emotional response
plasticity if the brain
brains ability to compensate for injuries to particular parts of the brain
left hemisphere function
more involved in intellect, logical analysis, problem-solving language and computation.
when is plasticity greatest
1-2 years of age it is lessened as adulthood comes
what contributes to the brains plasticity
sprouting: growth of new dendrites
Gross Motor Skills
involve large muscles used in locomotion, like balancing on one foot, walk up stairs
what is crucial to positive life-long cognitive development
motor development
preschoolers should spend how many hours a week in large- muscles activity
25hours+
when does motor activity level decline
2 to 3 years of age, they are less restless can sit longer
when is there a increases in focused attention
2-4 years
what is Rough and tumble play
running, chasing, fleeing, wrestling, hitting, laughing
does rough and tumble play helps develop physical and social skills?
yes
more active parents have ________ children
active (because they are role models, share activites)
does fine motor skills develop more slowly or faster then gross motor skills?
slower
fine motor skills involve
small muscles used in manipulation and coordination
what age can children learn to scribble
age 2
Major illnesses
rubella, measles, tetanus, mumps, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio
number one cause of death of pre-school-aged children is?
cancer
how much sleep do toddlers need
12-14 hours
sleep terrors
more severe than nightmares. occur during deep sleep, can wake suddenly with a surge in heart and respiration rates, talk incoherently; trashing out and then fall back to sleep.
what does sleep terrors cause
insomnia and a fear of going to sleep
sleepwalking
occurs during deep sleep
when are children toilet trained
2-3 years
enuresis
failure to control the bladder
Bed-wetting
nighttime “accident”
Encopresis
lack of control over the bowels
what does encopresis stem from
physical causes such as chronic constipation
Jean Piaget’s Preoperational stage
from ages 2-7
-uses symbols to represent objects
-drawings are symbols
-pretend play
what requires cognitive sophistication
symbolic or pretend play
what % of pre-schoolers have imaginary friends?
65%
what is shown with children with imaginary friends
less aggressive, more cooperative, and creative than children without imaginary friends, more advanced in language development
three mountains test - (Piaget’s )
to learn whether children at certain ages are egocentric
precausal
the children’s reasons are likely to be based egocentrically and not on science
Transductive reasoning
children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another
Animism
children attribute life and intentions to inanimate objects
Artificialism
children assume environmental factors such as rain and thunder have been designed and made by people
conservation
law that holds that properties of substances such as volumes
class inclusion
including new objects or categories into broader classes so we can associate into our brains
Scaffolding
temporary support provided by a parent or teacher to learning children
Zone of Proximal development
Gap between what children are capable of doing now and what they could do with help from others
Theory of mind
knowing the differenced between actual and mental events and between how things appear and how they really are
can gain knowledge by looking at what age
3 year old’s
what age can have the ability to identify sources of their knowledge
4-5
The Appearance-Reality Distinction
children have to learn the difference between real events versus mental ones. like 7 to 8 years of age they develop this.
when can children remember events from 1.5 years ago
age 4
Autobiographical memory
memory of specific events is facilitated by children
factors that impact memory
interest level, cues/ reminders on memorys, pictures
Rehearsal
memory strategy using repetition; begins at 5 years of age
how many words do preschoolers learn per day
9 words
fats-mapping
process where a child quickly attaches a new word to it appropriate concept
pragmatics
practical application of language
they demonstart this when tehy adjust sppech to fit
Vygotsky
vocalizations and thoughts are separate during the first year, and second year they combine and children understand labels
inner speech
spoken aloud thoughts are internalized by age 6-7; linked to planning and self-regulation
