Ch. 7 (Depression) Flashcards
Major Depressive Disorder (Criteria A)
Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms (1-3)
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report (e.g., appears tearful). (Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable mood.)
- Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either subjective account or observation)
- Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day.
Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms (4-6)
- Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable by others, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed down).
- Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms (7-9)
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick)
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others).
- Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific committing suicide)
Criteria B
The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
Criteria C
The episode is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical condition
Criteria D
The occurrence of the major depressive episode is not better explained by schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Criteria E
There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic episode
Other manifestations of major depression
Impaired driving skills in driving simulation tests
Depression treatment facts
- About half of Americans with major depression fail to receive help from a mental health professional
- Latinos and A.A. are less likely than other groups to receive care
- Many depressed patients seek help from their family physicians, who often fail to either detect depressions or make referrals to other mental health professionals
Depression Prevalence
- Most common type of diagnosable mood disorder
- Lifetime prevalence: (16.5% overall)
Men: 12%
Women: 21%
Depression Impact Statistics
- Nearly 80% with moderate to severe report impaired functioning (work, family, social)
- Average worker with D earns about 10% less than unaffected workers in similar jobs
- Loses 27.2 workdays per year on average (65 days for bipolar)
Depression risk factors
- Age (Initial onset is most common among young adults)
- SES (lower more at risk than higher)
- Marital Status (separated or divorced are higher than married or never married)
- Women are twice as likely than men to be diagnosed
- Greater risk of depression for women begins in early adolescence (13-15) and persists at least through middle age
Changes in emotional states
- Changes in mood (persistent periods of feeling down, depressed, sad, or blue)
- Evidence of tearfulness or crying
- Increased irritability, jumpiness, or loss of temper
Changes in motivation
- Feeling unmotivated, or having difficulty getting going in the morning or even getting out of bed
- Reduced level of social participation or interest in social activities
- Loss of enjoyment or interest in pleasurable activities
- Reduced interest in sex
- Failure to respond to praise or rewards
