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Psych 14 - Abnormal Psych > Ch. 11 > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

prodromal phase

A

Charaterized by subtle syptoms involving unsual thoughts or abnormal perceptions (but not outright delsuions or hallucinations), as well as waning interest in social activities, difficult meeting responsibilites of daily living, and impaired cognitive functioning involving problems with memory and attention use of language, and ability to plan and organize one’s activities

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2
Q

residual phase

A

“1. Following acute episodes, behavior returns to the level of the prodromal phase
2. Flagrant psychotic behavior are absnet, but the perso is still impaired by sig. cognitive, social, and emotional deficits such as a deep sense of apathy and diffciulties in thinking or speaking clearly, and by harboring unusal ideas, such as beliefs in telepathy or clairvoyance”

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3
Q

prevalence of Schizophrenia

A

1% of US population

.3 to .7% of the global population

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4
Q

Gender differences

A

“1. Men have slightly higher risk than women

  1. Men develop at an earlier age (early to mid twenties for men, late twenties for women)
  2. Men have more cognitive impairment, greater behavioral deficits, and a poorer resonse to drug therapy”
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5
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Involve a break with reality, as represented by the appearance of hallucinations and delusionsal thinking

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6
Q

Negative symptoms

A

“1. Lack of emotions or emotional expression

  1. Loss of motivation
  2. Loss of pleasure in normally pleasant activities
  3. Social withdrawal or isolation, and limited output of speech”
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7
Q

Criterion A

A

“Two (or more of the following, each present for a sig. portion of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one these must 1, 2, or 3

  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganized speech
  4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. Negative symptoms”
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8
Q

Criterion B

A

For a sig. portion of the time sice the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset

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9
Q

Criterion C

A

Continuous sign of the disturbance persists for at least 6 months This 6-month period must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion A (ie. Active-phase symptoms,) and may include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these prodromal or resiual periods , the signs of the disturbance may be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion A present in an attenuated form (e.g. odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences)

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10
Q

Criterion D

A

Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either

  1. No major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms or
  2. if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness
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11
Q

Criterion E

A

The disturbance is not attribuatable to the physiological effects of a substnace or another medical condition

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12
Q

Criterion F

A

If there is a hisotry of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is mode only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least 1 month (or less if successfully treated)

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13
Q

Thought disorder

A
  1. Positive symptom involving a breakdown in the organization, processing, and control of thoughts.
  2. Looseness of association is cardinal sign of thought disorder
  3. Poverty of speech: speech that is coherent but so slow, limited in quantity, or vague that little info is conveyed
  4. Perseveration: inappropriate but persistent repetition of the same words or train of thought
  5. Clanging: stringing together words or sounds on the basis of rhyming
  6. Blocking: involuntary, abrupt interruption of speech or thought”
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14
Q

Signs in childhood

A
  1. Delays in reaching certain developmental milestones
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15
Q

Attentional deficiencies

A

Hyper-vigilant to extraneous sounds

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16
Q

Eye Movement dysfunction

A

“1. Difficulty tracking slow-moving target across their field of vision

  1. Common in people with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives
  2. Suggests it might be a genetically transmitted trait, or biomarker
  3. Not entirely unique to schiophrenia (also seen in bipolar)”
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17
Q

Abnormal Event-Related Potentials

A

“1. Brain wave patterns in response to external stimuli such as sounds and flashes of light

  1. Normally, sensory gating mechanism allows brain to disregard irrelevant stimuli
  2. With Schizophrenia, experience sensory overload
  3. Also show weaker ERPs”
18
Q

Hallucinations

A
  1. Most common form of perceptual disturbance
19
Q

Psychodynamic Perspectives

A

“1. Represents the overwhelming of the ego by the drives or impulses from the id: threaten ego and give rise to intrapsychic conflict

  1. Person regresses to an early period in the oral stage: Primary Narcissism
  2. Infant has not yet learned that the world is distinct from itself
  3. Breakdown in ego function is what accounts for the datchment from reality (Input from the id cannot be filtered correctly)”
20
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

“1. Placed more emphasis on interpersonal than intrapsychic factors (as Freud did)
2. Emphasized that impaired mother-child relationship can set the stage for gradual withdrawl from other people”

21
Q

Environment vs Genetic

A

“1. Highly related to presence of schizophrenia in biological parent
2. High risk-children raised in better environments are at less of risk than when raised in low ses homes”

22
Q

Cross-fostering study

A

Compares the incidence of schizophrenia among children whose biological parents either had or didn’t have schizophrenia an who were reared by adoptive parents who either had or didn’t have it

23
Q

Gene Research

A

“1. No single gene is responsible for schizophrenia

  1. Children of older fathers have higher risk of schizo and autism (sperm are more prone to mutation)
  2. No risks of genetic mutations are found in older mothers”
24
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

“1. Involves overactivity of dopamine transmission in the brain

  1. Evidence comes from the effects seen in the use of antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) - most common are phenothiazines
  2. Neuroleptics block dopamine receptors, reduce level of dopamine activity, inhibit excessive transmission of neural impulses that may give rise to symptomatic behavior
  3. Large amounts of amphetamines result in more dopamine, blocking reuptake, cause symptoms that mimic paranoid schizophrenia
  4. Not that there is too much dopamine, but that the dopamine system is overactive or too responsive to stimulation of dope receptors”
25
Q

Viral Cause

A
  1. Research shows a sevenfold greater risk for individuals exposed to influenze in the first 3 months of prenatal development
26
Q

Brain Abnormalities

A

“1. Loss of brain tissue (gray matter) as compared to normal controls

  1. Abnormally enlarged ventricles (hollow spaces in the brain)
  2. Abnormal functioning and loss of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex (imaging shows lower level of neural activity compared to healthy controls) - showed less activation while performing arithmetic operations”
27
Q

Family Theories

A
  1. Discredited theory of the schizophrenogenic mother: cold, aloof, overprotective, and domineering mother without a father figure to adequately counterbalance
28
Q

Communication Deviance

A

“1. Pattern of unclear, vague, disruptive, or fragmented communicaiton that is often found among parents and family members of schizophrenia patients

  1. CD is speech that is hard to follow and from which it is difficult to extract any shared meaning
  2. Difficulty focusing on what their children are saying
  3. Verbally attack their children rather than offer constructive criticism
  4. Causual pathway may work in both directions”
29
Q

Expressed Emotion

A

“1. Pattern of responding to the individual in hostile, critical, and unsupportive ways

  1. Patients living high EE family environment have more than twice the risk of of suffering a relapse as those living in low EE families
  2. High EE families are more common in industrial countries”
30
Q

EE Cultural Differences

A

“1. High EE families (mex-american, anglo-american, chinese families) view psychotic behavior of a family member with schizophrenia as within the person’s control
2. High EE linked to more negative outcomes in Anglo-American families, but not Mexican American
3. Mex-American linked family warmth, not EE, was related to more positive outcomes (Not true for Anglo-Americans)
4. High EE in African-American were associated with better outcomes (intrustive critical comments perceived as signs of caring and concern rather than rejection)
“

31
Q

Endophentoypes

A

“1. Measurable process or mechanism unseen by the unaided human eye, explains how genetic instructions encoded in an organism’s DNA influence an observable characteristic of the organism or phenotype
2. One example involves brain circuitry as a possile endophenotype: breakdowns lead to positive features e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder”

32
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

Major tranquilizers or neuroletpics revolutionized the treatment of schizophrenia and helped spur deinstitutionalization

33
Q

Tardive Dysknesia

A

“1. Major side-effect of antipsychotics (disorder can persist when medication is withdrawn)
2. Most common among older people and among women”

34
Q

Atypical antipsychotics

A

“1. Second generation of antipsychotics (Clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine)

  1. Fewer neurological side-effects, lower risk of TD
  2. Side effects: cardiac death, substantial weight gain, and metabolic disorders
  3. Clozapine causes body to produce inadequate supplies of white blood cells”
35
Q

Psychodynamic Therapy

A

“1. Freud did not believe that traditional psychoanalysis was well suited

  1. Harry Stack Sullivan and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann adapted PA techniques specifically for schizophrenia
  2. No research to establish effectiveness of PA with s”
36
Q

Learning-Based Therapies

A

“1. Selective reinforcement of behavior: providing attention for appropriate bahavior and extinguishing bizarre verbalization through withdrawal of attention

  1. Token economy (has fallen out of favor in recent years -very time and staff-intensive)
  2. Social skills training (incorporates role-playing within a group format)
  3. CBT as adjunct to drug therpay”
37
Q

Psychosocial Rehab

A

Clubhouses (self-help clubs) have sprung up becaue mental health agencies often failed to provide comparable services

38
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A

“1. Applies to a psychotic disorder that last from a day to a month and is characterized by at least one of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) and then a full return to prior level of functioning
2. Often linked to signifcant stressor”

39
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder

A

“1. Abnormal behaviors identical to those in schizophrenia, persisted for at least one month, but less than 6 months
2. Some cases have good outcomes, or after six months, disoder is reclassified as schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder”

40
Q

Delusional Disorder

A

“1. Applies to people who hold persistent, clearly delusional beliefs, often involving paranoid themes

  1. Rare, affecting 20 in 10,000
  2. Apart from the delusion, the individual’s behavior may not show evidence of obviously bizarre or odd behavior”
41
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder

A
  1. (mixed bag) Includes psychotic behaviors associated with schizophrenia occurring at the same times as a major mood disorder
  2. Delusions or hallucinations must have occurred for a peiod of at least two weeks without the presence of a major mood disorder

Psych 14 - Abnormal Psych (14 decks)

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