Ch. 7-9 Brainscape Flashcards

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1
Q

The 2nd Great Awakening

A

The 2nd Great Awakening was a religious revivalist movement that started in 1795 and lasting until 1835.

The 2nd Great Awakening featured camp meetings that would feature revivalist Christian preachers giving sermons and is split into three different phases.
One of the lasting effects of the 2nd Great Awakening is that it significantly increased movements such as Prohibition, Abolitionism, and reform for the mentally ill, etc.

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2
Q

At which group was the Second Great Awakening directed?

A

The Second Great Awakening was directed at the unchurched and consisted of revival meetings about conversion to Christianity. Preachers such as Peter Cartwright held their revival meetings outdoors in large tents instead of in churches.

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3
Q

What characterized the 1st phase of the 2nd Great Awakening?

A

The first phase, which occurred from 1795 to 1810, was much more rural in setting, featuring camp meetings for the first time. It fulfilled the spiritual needs of white settlers who were expanding westward.

James McGready, a Presbyterian Minister, is credited by most historians with having the first camp revivalist meeting which spread Christianity to areas that were not religiously devout.

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4
Q

What was the major source of power for the earliest American factories?

A

water power: Early factories were located by rivers and water power was used to operate the mills. Water mills were especially useful in early textile mills.

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5
Q

Eli Whitney’s invention of the _____ _____ made it economical to use cotton to manufacture clothes.

A

Cotton gin: Automatically separated cotton fibers from cotton seed, and greatly sped up the production of cotton. Made slavery more profitable, revolutionized Southern economy and society.

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6
Q

The two Democratic-Republicans tied in the Electoral College in the presidential election of 1800.

A

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Electors who cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr thought they were electing Burr for Vice President, but when Burr realized that the tie gave him the chance at the Presidency, he attempted to convince the still Federalist House of Representatives to vote for him as opposed to Jefferson, their staunch political enemy. Alexander Hamilton persuaded many Representatives that Jefferson was the safer choice, because he considered Burr a scoundrel. Later, Burr would shoot and kill Hamilton in a duel.

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7
Q

Explain the Revolution of 1800.

A

Federalists, who held the Presidency and a majority of House and Senate seats, lost the election of 1800, yet handed over power to the Democratic-Republicans peacefully, and without bloodshed. Such an event was rare in history and the “revolution” was that handing over control of the Congress took place without violence.

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8
Q

Explain what the midnight appointments were about.

A

Adams appointed several prominent Federalists to positions in the United States government, including appointing William Marbury as Justice of the Peace for Washington, D.C. Thomas Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver these midnight appointments, including William Marbury. In response, Marbury sued Madison. This case of the Midnight appointments would make its way to the Supreme Court in the case called Marbury v Madison.

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9
Q

What did the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish?

A

The principle of judicial review. Written by Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.
John Marshall decided to give Thomas Jefferson the victory in this case of the Midnight Appointments, since giving Jefferson what he wanted also meant that Jefferson (and by extension Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans) would have to agree with the idea of “judicial review”. By agreeing to it, both political parties were agreeing to the idea that the Supreme Court would have the final say on whether or not a law was constitutional or unconstitutional.

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10
Q

How did Napoleon respond to the American offer to purchase New Orleans and parts of Florida for $10 million?

A

Desperate for funds to continue his war in Europe, and distracted by a slave revolution in Haiti, Napoleon and his ministers offered America the entirety of the Louisiana Territory for $15 million. Shocked at the fantastic bargain, the American diplomats made the deal, without seeking approval from Jefferson or the Congress.

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11
Q

Why did the Louisiana Purchase put Jefferson in a difficult political position?

A

Since its passage, Jefferson had argued that the President could only exercise those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. No Constitutional provision allowed the President to purchase territory. Nevertheless, the Louisiana Purchase was such an amazing deal, Jefferson ignored his qualms and supported the transaction.

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12
Q

What were the effects of the Louisiana Purchase?

A

The Louisiana Purchase: Doubled the size of the United States; Removed a potentially troubling foreign presence from the American frontier. Containing parts of what would eventually become 13 states, Jefferson hoped that this new land would strengthen the position of his archetypal yeoman American farmer.

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13
Q

Thomas Jefferson dispatched _____ _____ ____ ______ _____ to explore the newly purchased Louisiana Territory.

A

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark;The expedition also strengthened American claims to the Oregon Territory, and an eventual American outlet on the Pacific Ocean. In a two-year expedition, Lewis and Clark (assisted by Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian) explored vast swaths of territory, traveling from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean, and providing descriptions of the newly acquired western lands.

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14
Q

After their resounding defeat in the 1800 election, the Federalists retained control only of the ______ branch of the federal government.

A

Judicial; The Constitution provided that federal judges had lifetime tenure, and could only be removed from office by impeachment. Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, would retain that office for 34 years.

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15
Q

Define Judicial Review

A

Judicial review is a principle, established in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, (1803) that holds that the Supreme Court has the power to review acts of Congress and the President to determine whether they are allowed under the Constitution.

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16
Q

Thomas Jefferson thought war with Britain was unwise given the small size of the American navy. How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the continued British impressment of American sailors?

A

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807, which barred American ships from sailing to any non-American port. Jefferson hoped that Britain, cut off from American supplies, would cease violating American rights. Britain simply began importing more goods from South America and continued her impressment of Americans.

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17
Q

What was the result of the Embargo Act (1807) on the American economy?

A

With overseas markets closed, a massive depression followed the Embargo Act, especially in New England, where the economy was heavily dependent on shipping and trade.

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18
Q

____ _____ invented the steamboat, revolutionizing travel on the nation’s waterways.

A

Robert Fulton; Fulton’s invention in 1807 made it possible for farmers in the West to get their products to Eastern ports inexpensively and quickly, and for manufacturers to get their goods to the West.

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19
Q

The Non-Intercourse Act (1809) repealed the Embargo Act (1807), but still disallowed U.S. trade with _____ and _____.

A

Britain; France. Passed at the beginning of Madison’s first term, the Non-Intercourse Act was Madison’s attempt to ease the economic hardship caused by the Embargo Act, while still maintaining U.S. neutrality in the war between France and Britain. However, the American economy continued to suffer.

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20
Q

Who was Tecumseh?

A

Tecumseh was a Shawnee, who tried to unite the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River in a confederacy to resist white expansion. Tecumseh’s army was defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Since they provided aid to the Indians, the British were blamed by Americans for Tecumseh’s activities, leading to further difficulties between the United States and Britain.

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21
Q

Who were the War Hawks?

A

Congressmen who favored war with Great Britain. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, most War Hawks came from the new states of the American West, such as Tennessee and Kentucky. Contended that war with Britain was a matter of national honor, and the only way to ensure freedom of the seas and to stop British aid to Indian tribes of the West. They also argued that in the event of war, Canada could be taken by the United States.

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22
Q

Why did Madison ask Congress for a declaration of war against Britain in 1812?

A

Throughout his first term, Madison had done his best to stay neutral in the decades-long conflict between France and Britain. Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to Madison’s request that Congress declare war. Ironically, after war was declared, Madison received word that the British had agreed to stop their blockade.

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23
Q

How did Federalists react to the declaration of war against Britain?

A

Centered in New England, New York, and New Jersey, Federalists denounced the war as an attempt by the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Florida in an effort to increase the number of Democratic-Republican voters.

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24
Q

In addition to the Federalists, New England merchants (many of whom were Federalists) opposed the War of 1812 for different reasons. Why?

A

Despite Britain’s blockades, the Embargo Act (1807), and the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), New England merchants made substantial profits off of both sides in the Napoleonic Wars, and were reluctant to sever trading with Britain.

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25
Q

What was the target of the initial American attack during the War of 1812?

A

American forces launched a three-prong attack into Canada. Poorly equipped and poorly led, American troops were defeated, achieving only one notable success by burning York (modern-day Toronto).

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26
Q

In 1814, after Napoleon’s first surrender, the British launched a counterattack with their freshly available forces. Where did this attack take place?

A

The British campaign was centered on the Chesapeake region. They captured and burned Washington, and then attempted to take Baltimore and Fort McHenry; Fort McHenry withstood the British attack, and Francis Scott Key, who’d observed the bombardment of the fort, was inspired to write the “Star Spangled Banner.”

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27
Q

Who led American troops in the South during the War of 1812?

A

Andrew Jackson fought a successful campaign against Britain’s allies, the Creek Indians (opening Alabama for settlement), then withstood a British attack at New Orleans; The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815. A stirring American victory, it actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed between the British and Americans at Ghent, in Belgium.

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28
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?

A

The Treaty of Ghent restored the status quo antebellum (a Latin phrase meaning: the state in which things were before the war), and formalized the American/Canadian boundary. Neither side had achieved decisive victory in the War of 1812.

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29
Q

What was the Hartford Convention?

A

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power; After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.

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30
Q

The Rush-Bagot Agreement (1815), established disarmament upon what international border?

A

In the Rush-Bagot Agreement, British and American diplomats severely limited naval armament on the Great Lakes and set the stage for limits on border forts between the United States and Canada; The Rush-Bagot Agreement began the peaceful coexistence between America and Canada that has lasted to this day.

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31
Q

Under Chief Justice John Marshall, how did the Supreme Court strengthen the federal government?

A

The Marshall Court issued decisions that established the superiority of the federal government over the states.

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32
Q

Although the Supreme Court had held a federal law unconstitutionally in Marbury v. Madison, in what case did the Supreme Court establish the principle that it could hold a state law unconstitutional?

A

Fletcher v. Peck (1810): In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption; The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.

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33
Q

What prompted General Andrew Jackson’s military actions in Florida in the late 1810s?

A

After Spanish troops were withdrawn from Florida to suppress rebellions in Central and South America, a mixed band of escaped slaves, whites, and Seminole Indians used the lack of authority to launch raids on American settlements and then flee across the border beyond American retribution; President Monroe authorized Jackson to stop the raids by crossing the border if necessary.

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34
Q

Why did Congress pass the Tariff of 1816?

A

Concerned that goods from newly peaceful Britain would flood the U.S. market, Congress passed a high tariff in 1816 to protect American manufacturers; Although passed by Democratic-Republicans, the Tariff of 1816 was similar to one proposed by Hamilton during George Washington’s adminstration.

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35
Q

How did the American Colonization Society propose to solve the issue of slavery?

A

The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa; The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.

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36
Q

What’s the 2nd phase of the 2nd Great Awakening known for (1810 - 1825)?

A

The religious revivals known as “burned-over districts”, which had “set the area on fire with religious devotion”, were created during this phase; One of the most prominent people of the 2nd Great Awakening was Charles Grandison Finney, a Presbyterian Minister who preached about God at camp meetings in upstate New York, creating more burned-over districts.

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37
Q

Upstate New York was known as “The Burned-Over District.” Why?

A

Upstate New York saw large numbers of revival meetings, where ministers such as Charles G. Finney converted so many people that the area was lit with the “fire of religious devotion”.
Upstate New York also saw the birth of new Christian sects including Seventh Day Adventism and Mormonism.

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38
Q

Who was America’s first popular writer?

A

Washington Irving; Irving specialized in short stories, such as the Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle, and gained a large audience on both sides of the Atlantic; Irving was one of the first writers to write with the avowed purpose of entertainment, rather than to inform his audience.

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39
Q

The earliest factories in the north were labor-intensive and consequently suffered from severe manpower shortages. How did they make up for these shortfalls?

A

Several factories hired women, some of whom worked in the Lowell System, where workers lived and labored at the factory. Children as young as seven were employed throughout the Northeast; The Lowell System, which offered a safe space for women to work, began in the early 1820s.

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40
Q

Roughly speaking, what were the three main sections of the country during the Antebellum Period?

A

The three main sections of the country were the North, the South, and the West. The West was generally considered anything beyond the Mississippi River.

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41
Q

What are three good examples of sectionalism?

A

Beginning in the 1820s, the interests of the sections of the country began to diverge.
The South resented the Tariff of Abominations, which was being used to fund improvements such as roads and canals in the West and North.
Westerners did not like the Bank of the United States, which they felt was being used by Northern merchants to enhance their wealth.
The North disliked slavery, which was fundamental to the South’s economic prosperity.

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42
Q

In Antebellum America, which section of the country saw the largest influx of immigrants?

A

Most immigrants settled in the North; While Irish immigrants remained in many of the urban centers on the Eastern seaboard, Germans took up residence in the Old Northwest (the states that made up the Northwestern Territories), starting farms in locations such as Minnesota, Ohio, and Indiana.

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43
Q

Besides immigrants, what other group migrated in significant numbers to the Old Northwest?

A

The Old Northwest became the new home of many migrants who left New England. Their migration was the first of many that would continue to push the frontier ever farther westward, and they brought with them much of the culture of the New England colonies.

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44
Q

Only a limited number of Black Americans lived in the North. How were they treated generally?

A

Black Americans in the North had limited property, voting, and legal rights, and received lower wages than whites. Much like the Irish in the South, many of the Northern Irish resented Blacks as the only inferior group in the social hierarchy.

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45
Q

Cotton was the South’s largest product, but the South did grow other agricultural products, including ____ and ______.

A

tobacco; rice

46
Q

During the Antebellum period, most Native Americans lived west of the Mississippi River. How did they survive?

A

Most Indians lived a nomadic existence, aided by the introduction of the horse. Indian villages were mobile, and the tribes in the Great Plains and Upper Midwest followed the massive buffalo herds that roamed the prairies.

47
Q

Describe the lives of women on the Western frontier.

A

The life of a frontier woman was most often nasty, brutish, and short: Most farm houses were miles away from neighbors, and isolation was intense; A frontier woman not only had to help her husband in the field, but was responsible for keeping house, cooking, and tending to the sick; Many women died in childbirth, or succumbed to disease.

48
Q

Completed in 1825, the _____ _____ connected New York City and Buffalo by water.

A

Erie Canal; The Canal’s completion allowed goods to be shipped to New York via the Great Lakes from as far away as Wisconsin, and the Canal soon rivaled the Mississippi River as the nation’s aquatic highway.

49
Q

What change in business law in the early 1820s revolutionized the way in which companies raised capital?

A

In the early 1820s, New York permitted the formation of corporations. A corporation allows many individuals to purchase a percentage of ownership (known as a share); By allowing companies to issue stock to raise funds, corporations were able to invest capital in property, plants, and equipment, speeding the growth of manufacturing.

50
Q

How did New York City become the country’s commercial center and its largest city by the 1820s?

A
  1. Railroads: New York marked the terminus of many Western railroads, which meant that agricultural products were shipped to New York and New York shipped finished goods to the Midwest; 2. Banking: New York banks proved adept at lending capital to distant farmers, in both the West and South; 3. Shipping: New York became the largest harbor in the United States, and transported Western agricultural products and finished goods overseas
51
Q

The Era of Good Feelings

A

The Era of Good Feelings began with James Monroe’s election to the Presidency in 1816. With the Federalist Party collapsing, the Democratic-Republicans dominated politics and there was a renewed optimism brought about by a revived American economy and peace in Europe.

52
Q

In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court was faced with a case in which New York State had issued an exclusive contract to one steamboat operator that conflicted with a contract issued by the federal government. How did the Court rule?

A

The Court ruled that under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, the federal government had wide authority over interstate commerce (one of the steamboats traveled between New York and New Jersey), and the Federal contract overruled the state-level contract; This case is important because it showed how the Marshall Court continued to rule in favor of more federal power.

53
Q

After Maryland tried to tax the Second Bank of the United States, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. How did the Marshall Court rule in McCulloch v Maryland (1819)?

A

The Court held that Maryland could not tax the Bank. The Constitution gave the government the implied power to create a bank, and because the power to tax is the power to destroy, Maryland could not tax an institution created by the federal government; Another court case where the Marshall Court ruled in favor of stronger federal power.

54
Q

How did the United States acquire Florida in 1819?

A

The Spanish ceded it to the United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty; With American troops already in Florida (Andrew Jackson had captured Pensacola in 1818), the Spanish government recognized that the United States would likely conquer Florida and agreed to sell it to the United States, as well as give up its rights to the Oregon Territory; For payment, the U.S. government assumed $5 million in claims against Spain and also abandoned any claim to Spanish Texas based upon the Louisiana Purchase.

55
Q

Temperance

A

Total abstention from alcohol; Founded in the 1820s, the American Temperance Society equated alcohol with sin, and argued for its complete ban.

56
Q

In 1823, concerned about European attempts to conquer new republics in Central and South America, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine. What did the Monroe Doctrine establish?

A

The Monroe Doctrine asserted that no further European colonization would be allowed in the New World and any attempt to do so would result in American intervention.

57
Q

The 3 components of Henry Clay’s American System

A
  1. Impose a high tariff on foreign goods to protect American manufacturing and provide revenue for internal improvements;
  2. Establish a National Bank to provide stable currency and a credit to the federal government;
  3. Stimulate internal improvements (transportation projects) to aid the development of the West and to funnel agricultural goods to eastern ports
58
Q

A second Bank of the United States was chartered in 1816 (Hamilton’s bank’s charter expired in 1811), but was blamed for the Panic of 1819. Why?

A

The Second Bank of the United States responded to the inflation that resulted from the end of the War of 1812 by tightening public credit. As a result, the economy collapsed; The West was especially hard-hit as the government foreclosed on farms and debtors were thrown into prison. As a result, the Bank was exceedingly unpopular in the West.

59
Q

Prior to Missouri’s petition for admission as a slave state, what was the balance of power in the House and the Senate?

A

There were more Northern Representatives in the House, since the North had a greater population. In the Senate, however, there were 11 free state Senators, and 11 slave state Senators.
Missouri’s admission as a slave state threatened to upset the even numbers in the Senate, worrying many in the North.

60
Q

What were the three key components of the Missouri Compromise (1820)?

A
  1. Missouri admitted as a slave state
  2. Maine admitted as a free state
  3. slavery disallowed in future territories north of 36°30’ except within Missouri itself
61
Q

Who proposed the Missouri Compromise?

A

Henry Clay. The Missouri Compromise preserved the balance of power in the Senate, ensuring that for each free state admitted to the Union, a slave state would also be admitted. Portions of the Missouri Compromise would be repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed new states to vote on whether or not they wanted to allow slavery, and others would be struck down in the Scott v. Sandford decision.

62
Q

Although the Missouri Compromise (1820) forestalled the Civil War for 30 years, it also began what trend?

A

The Missouri Compromise began the trend of sectionalism, and citizens began viewing the effect of political and economic activity on one’s section as equally important to the effect of the activity on the nation as a whole. The three sections are generally considered to be the North, the South, and the West.

63
Q

The election of 1824 featured four candidates for President. Who were they?

A
  1. John Quincy Adams; 2. Henry Clay; 3. Andrew Jackson; 3. William Crawford
    Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but failed to win a majority of the electoral college. John Quincy Adams finished second, and William Crawford third (although he was nearly dead). Since none of the candidates won a majority of the electoral college, the election of the President was sent to the House of Representatives.
64
Q

What did Andrew Jackson’s supporters consider the “Corrupt Bargain”?

A

n 1824, the House of Representatives was under the control of Henry Clay (who also finished fourth in the Electoral College that year). Although Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote, Clay’s efforts convinced the House to vote for John Quincy Adams as President.

Upon his election, Adams promptly nominated Clay as Secretary of State (considered a stepping stone to the Presidency). Outraged Jacksonians saw a conspiracy afoot, and denounced what they considered a “corrupt bargain.”

65
Q

How did the presidential election of 1824 end the Era of Good Feelings?

A

Each of the four candidates was ostensibly from the same political party, the Democratic-Republican Party. After the election, the Party split into Democrats (who supported Jackson), and the National Republicans, who became the Whig Party in 1828.

66
Q

In 1824, and again in 1828, the House passed tariffs that increased the cost of imported goods from Britain, in an effort to protect New England manufacturing. The 1828 Tariff was widely resented in the South. What did Southerners call the 1828 Tariff?

A

They nicknamed the 1828 Tariff the “Tariff of Abominations.” Ironically, the Tariff had been originally proposed by South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun.

In response to the Tariff of Abominations, the British sharply reduced their cotton imports from the South, ravaging the South’s economic base.

67
Q

The Election of 1828 pitted John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson. How did Jackson’s supporters characterize their candidate?

A

Jackson’s supporters characterized him as the champion of the common man. Jackson had no higher education, had been in several duels, and was a military hero. Jackson’s background readily appealed to the newly enfranchised voters of the West, from where he drew much of his support.

68
Q

The presidential election of 1828 saw a vast increase in white male voters compared to previous elections. Why?

A

Changes in many states’ electoral laws had removed the rule that a voter must own land in order to vote. Thousands of newly enfranchised white male voters flocked to the polls, many of them supporting Andrew Jackson.

69
Q

What was the Lowell System?

A

The Lowell System provided employment for thousands of women in the factory towns of Massachusetts. Women from nearby farms lived in factory dormitories for short periods, working long hours in miserable conditions to earn enough for a dowry or to help their families.

70
Q

Although factories using the Lowell System provided employment to some women, where did most women who worked outside the home find employment during the Antebellum Period?

A

Women were most often employed either as teachers, or as domestic servants. Following marriage, it was expected that a woman would cease having any profession at all.

71
Q

What is important to remember about the 3rd phase of the 2nd Great Awakening?

A

Religions like the Millerites and Mormons were created. Charles Grandison Finney, who was a Presbyterian minister, would reach fame during the 1830s as he moved his camp revivalist to the city (New York City) where tens of thousands would hear him preach about God.

72
Q

Kitchen Cabinet

A

Andrew Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet was a group of informal advisors upon whose counsel Jackson relied, breaking the tradition of consulting formal Cabinet ministers.

73
Q

Spoils System

A

Under the Spoils System, the newly elected President appointed those who’d helped him to federal office, such as Postmaster.
Jackson believed that no training was necessary for any federal office. He also rotated federal officeholders after his first term, so as to provide jobs to as many Democrats as possible.

74
Q

Who founded The Liberator, the first radical abolitionist newspaper, in 1833?

A

William Lloyd Garrison; Taking inspiration from Thoreau, Garrison declared “that which is not just is not law.”

75
Q

What organization was the first radical abolitionist group in the United States?

A

The American Anti-Slavery Society; Based in New York City and founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society demanded the immediate abolition of slavery.; The American Anti-Slavery Society issued pamphlets, petitions to Congress, and sponsored speeches, including many by Frederick Douglass.

76
Q

What’s Nat Turner known for?

A

Nat Turner was born enslaved on a Virginia plantation where his enslaver taught him how to read and write while also introducing him to religion. As a result, Nat Turner became an enslaved preacher. Believing in signs and hearing voices in his head, Nat became convinced that God chose him to free the enslaved after witnessing a solar eclipse. With the help of 4 other enslaved men, he became infamous during the 1830s to free enslaved people, from which he successfully freed 80 enslaved people, during a slave uprising on August 21, 1831.

77
Q

Explain the major effects of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A

Nat Turner was captured and executed with 17 other enslaved Black people, while the other enslaved escaped. Broadly speaking, it affected southern slavery by making laws with harsher punishments for people who taught their enslaved people how to read. Southern states, starting with Virginia, would also make it illegal for enslaved people to preach Christianity.

78
Q

The Underground Railroad

A

A network to guide escaped slaves to safe houses. The Underground Railroad, directed by enslaved people themselves, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman, was a network that guided escaped enslaved peoples along secret routes and to safe houses until they reached freedom. Most often, these railroads ended in Canada, where enslaving people was already illegal. Southern laws had harsh punishments for people who helped anyone along on the Underground railroad. Southern slave catchers were always a danger for enslaved peoples and their liberators, even in northern “free” states.

79
Q

What were the Gag Rule Debates?

A

Between 1831-1836, William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists sent anti-slavery petitions to Congress. Rather than hear the petitions, in 1836 Congress voted to table any anti-slavery petition without debate, known as a gag rule. From 1836 until the gag rule was repealed in 1844, Congress repeatedly debated whether to keep the gag rule in place.

80
Q

What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?

A

The Indian Removal Act forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi. Signed by Andrew Jackson and carried out during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, the Native Americans followed the 1,000-mile long Trail of Tears, forced to by the United States military, where 15,000 men, women, and children died, due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion. Some Native American men had to walk with shackles on their hands and feet.

81
Q

The Nullification Crisis

A

South Carolina told the US government that it didn’t have to follow federal law anymore, specifically, the Tariff of Abominations. By doing this, South Carolina was, in effect, “nullifying” the law/tariff. According to the John Marshall Supreme Court, Federal power had always been favored over State power. So when South Carolina was still unwilling to follow the law, it caused a crisis since a state was being disloyal to the union by refusing to follow the federal law, which had already been upheld by the Supreme Court.

82
Q

Andrew Jackson’s response to South Carolina’s attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abominations

A

Jackson considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason. After asking Congress for a Force Bill, Jackson mobilized the Army, and threatened to hang John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina politician and his former Vice President, from the nearest tree. This was because John C. Calhoun had been responsible for the crisis. Jackson, although in favor of states’ rights, considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason.

83
Q

What did Andrew Jackson call the “Hydra of Corruption”?

A

The Second Bank of the United States. Jackson felt that the Bank was unconstitutional, and only served the wealthy. Jackson declared war on the Bank, and on its President, Nicholas Biddle. It did not help the Bank’s public image that Biddle was arrogant and unpopular.

84
Q

How did Henry Clay respond to Jackson’s opposition to the Bank of the United States?

A

Although the Bank’s charter still had a few years left, Clay pushed a recharter bill through Congress, which Jackson promptly vetoed. Clay had hoped that Jackson’s veto of the recharter bill would swing the election to the Whigs, but the move backfired, and Jackson defeated Clay handily in the 1832 election.

85
Q

Pet banks

A

Pet banks were local banks, rather than the Second Bank of the United States. Following his reelection in 1832, Jackson had withdrawn the United States’ funds from the Bank of the United States, and deposited them in pet banks.

86
Q

Bank Scrip

A

Currency printed by a bank. Banks had an option to accept another bank’s scrip in repayment for a loan, or to demand gold or silver instead. This gold and silver is called “specie”. When the Pet Banks were loaded with cash, those banks began to issue scrip.

87
Q

What do Land Speculators do?

A

Purchase land; Don’t live on it themselves; Sell it to other people when the value of their land goes up.

88
Q

What was the effect on the economy of Jackson’s depositing federal money in pet banks?

A

It helped to create inflation but made it harder to save money. With a plentiful supply of money, Jackson’s Pet banks were eager to loan their money out to people so that they (Jackson’s Pet banks) could collect interest from the loans they gave out to people, thus making more money. The first people to come to Jackson’s Pet Banks were land speculators, so the Pet Banks lent money to loads of land speculators.

89
Q

How did Jackson attempt to deal with the rising inflation that followed his deposit of federal funds in pet banks?

A

Jackson issued his Specie Circular, which required that purchases of government land be made in gold and silver, rather than paper currency from his Pet Banks. Since banks were more willing to lend scrip, rather than gold and silver, this led to a sudden curtailment of credit, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

90
Q

Who was blamed for the Panic of 1837?

A

The Panic of 1837 was a direct result of Jackson’s Specie Circular, which significantly handicapped the Pet Banks’ ability to lend money since people valued specie greater than the Pet Bank Scrip. The devaluation of the scrip in the economy led to the Panic of 1837, slowing economic growth. However, the blame for the Panic and the depression which followed fell squarely upon President Martin van Buren, Jackson’s chosen successor, even though the Panic was largely due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from the Second Bank of the United States and the resulting Specie Circular.

91
Q

Jacksonian Democracy

A

Jacksonian Democracy centered upon the participation of the white male public in elections and the government. Under Jackson’s view, any white man could fill any office in the federal government. Jacksonian Democracy favored a strong Presidency and a weak Congress. The era of Jacksonian Democracy lasted until the 1850s when slavery once more loomed large as a national political issue.

92
Q

How did new farming innovations such as Cyrus McCormick’s reaper in 1831 and John Deere’s steel plow (1837) fuel the growth of urban centers?

A

New farming implements (and larger farms in the American West) meant that for the first time, farmers were able to produce surplus goods, beyond merely what they needed to sustain themselves and their families. These surplus goods were shipped to the new urban centers that were springing up along canals and railroads.

93
Q

Why did the new states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas experience an influx of Southerners from other states?

A

Much of the farmland in areas such as Georgia and South Carolina had been exhausted by years of cotton farming and poor crop management. The lands in these new states proved fertile and ideal for cotton growing. The new arrivals typically brought their enslaved people with them, and the price for buying an enslaved person doubled between 1825 and 1845.

94
Q

What was the role of unions in the rapidly growing urban manufacturing areas during the Antebellum Period?

A

To the extent that they existed, unions focused on efforts to limit the workday to 10 hours. Several factors limited any pressure that unions were able to exert in the economy: the depression that followed the Panic of 1837, which led to a surplus of labor; the constant influx of immigrants, who provided an inexpensive pool of non-union labor.

95
Q

Which group was on top of the Southern class structure?

A

Plantation Owners. To be considered in the upper echelon of the South’s plantation economy, one needed 1,000 acres of land and have at least possess 100 enslaved people.

96
Q

Although plantation owners had large tracts of land, who was responsible for most cotton production?

A

Most cotton was produced by smaller farmers. Many small farmers had two or three enslaved people, with landholdings of up to 40 acres.

97
Q

Who was at the bottom of the white class structure in the South?

A

Of the three classes in the Southern farming society, the “bukra” were the lowest class and the strongest advocates of slavery. Slavery kept them from falling to the bottom rung of the social structure. The bukra comprised some 75% of the white population in the South.

98
Q

How much education did the average enslaved person get?

A

None: It was against the law to teach slaves to read or write, although a few managed to learn clandestinely (Frederick Douglass was a famous example).

99
Q

The Millerites

A

Located primarily in New York, were followers of William Miller, who predicted that Christ would return to Earth sometime between 1843 and 1844. Although Christ did not appear (an event known as “The Great Disappointment”), the heartbroken Millerites founded their own Christian sect, now known as Seventh Day Adventism.

100
Q

Founder of Mormonism

A

Joseph Smith. Smith claimed to have found golden plates containing a third Testament (in addition to the Old and New Testaments), under the direction of the angel Moroni.

101
Q

Although Mormonism began in upstate New York, why did most Mormons end up settling in Utah?

A

Mormonism, especially the Mormon practice of polygamy, evoked great hostility. Mormons were driven from New York to Missouri and then to Illinois, where Joseph Smith was killed. Brigham Young led the Mormons to Utah, where it was hoped that their isolated location in the Utah desert would provide some degree of protection.

102
Q

What was the Second Great Awakening’s impact on the South?

A

The Second Great Awakening had a very minimal impact on the South; it was almost solely a Northern phenomenon.

103
Q

What did the Shakers believe about relationships between the sexes?

A

The Shakers were a religious group that grew significantly during the Second Great Awakening, and believed in equality of the sexes. They preached complete celibacy, and relied on conversion for new members of their sect.

104
Q

Transcendentalism

A

Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that started in the early 1800s but peaked in interest during the 1830s and 1840s. People who were followers of this movement criticized organized religion, industrial society, slavery, and the subjugation of women.
Transcendentalists argued that when individual people were self-reliant, they could be at their best, and ideal communities could be formed from such self-reliant people.
Brooks Farm was one attempt at creating a type of transcendentalist community “utopia”.

105
Q

The author of Nature and Self-Reliance, argued in favor of individualism and contended that America should develop its own literary style and culture distinct from Europe.

A

Ralph Waldo Emerson
Emerson is considered one of the founders of Transcendentalism, and was an extremely popular lecturer from the 1830s onward. Emerson influenced writers such as Louisa May Alcott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau.

106
Q

What was the subject of George Caleb Bingham’s most stirring paintings?

A

Bingham specialized in painting the Frontier, and his most famous paintings are of evocative scenes of the lives of fur traders and pioneers, and of political activities in rural areas.

107
Q

Instead of paintings of American Revolutionary scenes, or commissioned portraits, what did painters of the Hudson River School typically depict?

A

The Hudson River School artists primarily painted nature and wilderness scenes of the Hudson River Valley and the nearby Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. Artists such as Thomas Cole and Frederick Church specialized in depicting the grandeur of nature.

108
Q

Who was John James Audubon?

A

Audubon was a French-American ornithologist and painter who specialized in illustrating birds. Audubon’s The Birds of America was the result of years of painstaking labor to draw, in color, every bird in the United States.

109
Q

What was the first institute of higher learning to admit women?

A

Oberlin College (1833). Higher education for women was still unusual. Those women who learned more than mere reading and writing were typically upper class, and attended institutions that specialized in teaching social graces, rather than significant higher education.

110
Q

What was the goal of the Liberty Party which ran James G. Birney for President in 1840?

A

The Liberty Party wanted to use the political process to end the institution of slavery. Although the party never received many votes, its mere existence was an irritant to the South.