Ch. 15-18 Review

Question 1

How did President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan differ from Lincoln’s?

Answer 1

In addition to Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan, Johnson proposed three further requirements for readmitted states: Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment; Renunciation of secession. Radiacal Republicans felt it was too lenient on the Confederacy.

Question 2

Black Codes

Answer 2

In 1865, legislatures in the formerly Confederate states passed Black Codes, which were laws that prohibited blacks from: borrowing money to purchase land; renting land; testifying against whites in court; serving on juries when a white defendant was on trial; deemed many freedman as vagrants and forced them to work.

Question 3

sharecropping

Answer 3

landowner provided land, seed, and needed farm implements to poor black and white farmers in exchange for a portion of the harvested crop (usually 50%).

Question 4

By late 1865, all 11 of the former Confederate states had met the lenient requirements of Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan, and sent representatives to Congress. How did Congress react?

Answer 4

Congress, and especially the Radical Republicans, were furious, especially since none of the new state constitutions extended voting rights to blacks and had established Black Codes. Further, many of the elected Congressmen were former Confederate leaders, including Alexander Stephens, the Confederate Vice President.

Question 5

The result of the 1866 congressional elections

Answer 5

Radical Republicans were swept into office, ensuring that a hard line would continue to be maintained against the former Confederate states. This ended “Presidential Reconstruction”, and began “Radical Reconstruction”.

Question 6

Radical Reconstruction

Answer 6

Radical Republicans supported: harsh measures against the “traitors” who started a Civil War; voting rights for Blacks; laws that would protect Blacks from white terrorism; expanded peace-time federal power to ensure that their goals were realized.

Question 7

In response to the South’s Black Codes, Congress passed the first _____ _____ Act in 1866.

Answer 7

Civil Rights; The Civil Rights Act of 1866 deemed that blacks were citizens. As a result, President Johnson vetoed the bill. Congress, which was controlled by strong Republican majorities, overrode President Johnson’s veto, making this the first major law of the Radical Reconstruction period.

Question 8

the Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 8

Defined citizenship to include all persons born or naturalized in the United States; States could no longer violate rights embodied in the Constitution; Made it illegal for State/federal government to pay for any Confederate debts; Prevented former Confederates from holding elective office.

Question 9

What prompted Congress to pass the Military Reconstruction Act in 1866?

Answer 9

Due to Southern opposition, the Fourteenth Amendment initially failed to be ratified by the requisite 2/3 of the states. After the 1866 election, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which designated 10 of the 11 former Confederate states as military districts under military control. ( Johnson vetoed the Act, but Republicans in Congress overrode the veto. The Military Reconstruction Act held that to be readmitted, states must adopt the Fourteenth Amendment, and provide for black voting rights)

Question 10

Why did the House vote to impeach President Johnson?

Answer 10

In 1867, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which required the President to get Senate approval before removing a cabinet member. The Act was designed to protect Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Radical Republican ally. Johnson ignored the Act and fired Stanton. The House voted to impeach Johnson, but by a single vote the Senate voted against his removal from office.

Question 11

Republican nomination at the 1866 Republican Convention

Answer 11

Ulysses S. Grant; popular war hero, handsome general, with no political record; endorsed many Radical Republican policies, including harsh treatment for the South.

Question 12

Boomtown

Answer 12

A community that experiences exponential growth in population and wealth in a short period; accompanied the discovery of mineral wealth in the West, such as the discovery of gold in California in 1849, silver in Nevada in the 1860s and 1870s, and the Black Hills of South Dakota in the 1870s and 1880s.

Question 13

Sodbusters

Answer 13

Took advantage of the Homestead Act of 1862 to acquire 160 acres on the Great Plains; Many of these farmers were immigrants, with little experience in farming. The work was difficult; plagues of locusts destroyed growing crops, and the soil proved to be difficult to work and wore out easily.

Question 14

the Central Pacific Railroad

Answer 14

one of the two railroads (the other being the Union Pacific) forming the Transcontinental Railroad in the 1860s. The Central Pacific was pushing from west to east, beginning in Sacramento, California.

Question 15

Which group primarily made up the Central Pacific Railroad’s workforce in the drive to complete the Transcontinental Railroad?

Answer 15

At its peak, the Central Pacific Railroad employed some 12,000 Chinese laborers, and they made up over 90% of the total Central Pacific labor force.

Question 16

Who made up the workforce for the Union Pacific Railway while the Transcontinental Railroad was being built?

Answer 16

Drawing on the urban cities of the East, the Union Pacific employed newly arrived Irish immigrants in large numbers. In addition, former Union and Confederate soldiers served on the project.

Question 17

Promontory Point, Utah

Answer 17

November 6, 1869: the tracks of the Central Pacific Railway were joined to those of the Union Pacific Railway, completing the first Transcontinental Railroad.

Question 18

Land grant

Answer 18

A gift of real estate: After the Civil War, land grants by the federal government were used to finance the building of railways in the western United States. Congress granted land to more than 80 railroads, which the railroads then sold to settlers, applying the proceeds to finance construction

Question 19

How did the state of California react to the high numbers of Chinese immigrants arriving as a result of the Burlingame Treaty of 1868?

Answer 19

In response to the influx, California included articles in its 1878 state constitution which: Disenfranchised the Chinese; Blocked their work on public projects; Disallowed their employment with any corporation licensed by the state. The federal courts struck down these measures as unconstitutional, but they signaled a growing hostility towards Chinese immigrants.

Question 20

Horatio Alger

Answer 20

Hugely popular books generally featured a “rags to riches” hero who rises from poor surroundings to the middle class, via a bit of luck, clean living, and a large amount of hard work. In Alger’s Ragged Dick for instance, a young bootblack rises to become a respectable middle-class businessman.

Question 21

National Labor Union

Answer 21

The first nationwide labor union, formed in 1866, and at one point had 600,000 members. Before it collapsed as a result of the Depression of 1873, the National Labor Union advocated for an eight-hour work day, rights for black and female workers, and an end to child labor. Members of the National Labor Union joined with the Grange supporters to found the Greenback Party.

Question 22

The Fifteenth Amendment (1869)

Answer 22

Designed to protect the right to vote, and disallowed any state to abridge voting “on account of race, color, creed, or previous condition of servitude.” Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment in response to Grant’s narrow victory in the 1868 election, which had been due to the 500,000 votes Grant received from black voters.

Question 23

Hiram Revels

Answer 23

the first black person elected to Congress and represented Mississippi in Congress in 1870 and 1871. A second black Congressman, Blanche K. Bruce, represented Mississippi from 1875-1880. Elected to fill Jefferson Davis, the former Confederate President’s former seat.

Question 24

How did suffragettes react to the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment?

Answer 24

Many suffragettes espoused abolition and supported the granting of civil rights to blacks. They used the Amendment’s passage to argue that they deserved the same rights which the nation had extended to Black men.

Question 25

Which country did Ulysses S. Grant propose annexing in 1870?

Answer 25

Santo Domingo, now known as the Dominican Republic. Both Grant and the government of Santo Domingo supported annexation, but Congress refused to authorize it.

Question 26

Crop lien system

Answer 26

Under the crop lien system, farm workers estimated the value of their forthcoming crops, and borrowed against it. The failure of a crop would often result in foreclosure of the farm and dispossession of the farmer.

Question 27

Ku Klux Klan

Answer 27

White supremecist terrorist organization founded by Confederate General Nathan Bedfor Forrest, sought to intimidate newly freed Blacks by torture, rape, lynchings, whippings, and destroying Black-owned businesses. During Reconstruction, they operated unabated until Congress passed laws ordering the army to hunt them down.

Question 28

How did the federal government under President Grant respond to the KKK?

Answer 28

A series of four separate Force Acts were passed between 1871 and 1875. These were the government’s attempt to make sure that racist white southerners were abiding by the new constitutional provisions found in the 14th and 15th amendments, which were designed to protect the rights of Black people.

Question 29

Explain one example of how the Force Act was used by the government.

Answer 29

October of 1871: President Grant proclaimed 9 counties in the southern state of South Carolina in open rebellion, using the military to suppress violence there, as well as allowing the indefinite detention of suspected rebels without trial. Suspending the writ of habeas corpus allowed President Grant the authority to do this. Actions like these around the south proved valuable as the government destroyed the KKK.

Question 30

Carpetbaggers

Answer 30

Northerners who came South after the War to operate the Reconstruction governments.

Question 31

Scalawags

Answer 31

Southerners who supported the Union and Reconstruction.

Question 32

Union Leagues

Answer 32

Organizations in various Southern cities during Reconstruction, mostly headed by Northern blacks; providing education, trained political candidates, registered voters

Question 33

Amnesty Act

Answer 33

Passed by Congress In 1872, re-instated civil rights to all but top-ranking Confederates, including the right to vote. Re-enfranchised voters throughout the South promptly elected pro-Confederate/anti-Reconstruciton Democrats to their state governments.

Question 34

Bessemer Process

Answer 34

The process of pumping air through molten iron to remove impurities; converts iron into steel, a stronger building material than iron alone. The Process revolutionized the making of steel by significantly lowering the cost of its production.

Question 35

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 35

The owner of the Carnegie Steel Company; Supplied half of all steel used worldwide; consolidated business through vertical integration; optimized prodution thhough the Bessemer process; developed and advanced the “Gospel of Wealth”

Question 36

vertical integration

Answer 36

Form of business consolidation in which all the aspects of production for a manufactured good are owned by a single person or trust. For instance, Andrew Carnegie’s steel company owned the iron mines where steel originated, the distribution network where steel was sold, and everything in between.

Question 37

Why did farmers and small businessmen support the continuation of Greenbacks as national currency during the later half of the 1800s?

Answer 37

Greenbacks were issued as currency during the Civil War. Since Greenbacks were not backed by specie they were worth less than their value in gold (i.e. $1 in Greenbacks bought less than $1 in gold). Farmers and small businessmen continued to advocate their use after the end of the War because it was cheaper to pay debt using Greenbacks rather than gold. Further, those who supported Greenbacks believed their use increased the price of farm products.

Question 38

Many in the Republican Party opposed the continued use of Greenbacks during the 1860s and 1870s. Why?

Answer 38

Greenbacks were not backed by specie (gold or silver). Believing that specie-backed dollars would better hold their value, bankers, investors, and established businessmen argued against Greenbacks, contending that dollars backed by specie would better hold their value against inflation.

Question 39

The Comstock Law

Answer 39

Passed in 1873, the law prevented the mailing of “obscene” materials via U.S. mail. Included in his list not only pornography but materials discussing abortion and birth control.

Question 40

The Coinage act of 1873

Answer 40

Signed by President Grant, the Coinage Act ended bimetallism, placing the United States once more on the gold standard. Farmers and small businessmen considered the Act a crime because it would increase interest rates and restrict the money supply. Instead, they supported both Greenbacks and bimetallism.

Question 41

Bimetallism

Answer 41

A monetary standard by which the value of the monetary unit is defined as both the value of an amount of silver and the value of an amount of gold.

Question 42

How did farmers and Northern laborers propose to bring the United States out of the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873?

Answer 42

increase the money supply by having the government print more Greenbacks and coin silver. President Grant disagreed and threatened to veto any legislation to that effect. By increasing the money supply, the farmers hoped that it would cause inflation. Inflation is good for people who owe a lot of debt, since it’s easier to pay off debt, since debt doesn’t grow with inflation.

Question 43

The major effects of the Panic of 1873

Answer 43

New York Stock Exchange stopped trading for the 1st time in history; Unemployment hit 14%; 18,000 businesses failed; 25% of all railroads shut down

Question 44

the Greenback Party

Answer 44

An alliance of reform-minded farmers and organized labor founded in 1873. Advocated for the printing of Greenbacks to ease the economic depression, labor reforms, and government regulation of the railroads. Although it failed to become a lasting political force, the Greenback Party did win a few state and Congressional elections. Several of the Party’s leaders, however, went on to be prominent voices in the Populist Party.

Question 45

What impact did Reconstruction have on religion among the Southern black community?

Answer 45

During Reconstruction, many blacks left churches dominated or monitored by whites, and joined black churches in large numbers. Most religious blacks joined the African Methodist Church or the Negro Baptist Church.

Question 46

Black Friday Scandal of 1869

Answer 46

In 1869, two stockbrokers, Jay Gould and James Fisk, attempted to enrich themselves by cornering the gold market. To make the scheme work, they bribed President Grant’s brother-in-law to convince the President to have the Treasury Department stop selling gold. Discovering the scheme, Grant ordered the Treasury Department to begin selling gold on “Black” Friday, September 29, 1869. The price of gold fell, and numerous businessmen were ruined.

Question 47

The Crédit Mobilier Scandal

Answer 47

The Crédit Mobilier was a land company associated with the Union Pacific Railroad. Beginning in the late 1860s, the Crédit Mobilier owners provided stock to Congressmen in an effort to protect themselves from Congressional oversight and investigation. The scandal was uncovered by the New York Sun in 1872 during President Grant’s re-election campaign. Although Grant had no knowledge of the affair, it did much to tarnish his reputation.

Question 48

The Whiskey Ring

Answer 48

The Whiskey Ring was another of the many scandals of President Grant’s administration. During the scandal, federal tax collectors were bribed by liquor manufacturers to defraud the federal government of millions in tax revenue. While Grant did not know of the scheme, the discovery of the scandal in 1875 was seen by many as a sign of corruption endemic to Republican administrations.

Question 49

the candidates of the two major political parties in the 1876 presidential election

Answer 49

Democrat: Samuel J. Tilden, prominent Northern reformer and a former New York Governor. Republican: chose Rutherford B. Hayes, a Civil War General, Congressman, and Governor from Ohio (though many Republicans supported Grant for a third term).

Question 50

Who won the popular vote in the 1876 presidential election?

Answer 50

Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic Party’s candidate. Tilden received 184 electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes’s 165 electoral votes. 185 votes were needed for election.The results from three militarily occupied Southern states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina), however, were disputed, as was one electoral vote from Oregon, for a total of 20 votes. These 20 votes were eventually awarded to Hayes to secure his winning the election.

Question 51

What happened as a result of the election of 1877, with regards to Reconstruction?

Answer 51

Although Grant had already started the withdrawal of US troops from the South, Hayes had agreed to remove the remaining troops in the South once becoming President. By doing this, Hayes essentially ended Reconstruction in the South, beginning the era of Jim Crow racism.

Question 52

Jim Crow Laws

Answer 52

A collective name for laws passed in the South after Reconstruction to discriminate against and disenfranchise blacks. Jim Crow Laws included school segregation, poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses.

Question 53

Grandfather Clauses

Answer 53

Only permitted a potential voter to cast his ballot if his grandfather had also voted. Enacted as part of the Jim Crow Laws, in practical effect, grandfather clauses disenfranchised blacks, whose grandfathers had been slaves, and unable to vote.

Question 54

Poll Tax

Answer 54

A tax that must be paid before one is allowed to vote. Since the poor were often unable or unwilling to pay the poll tax, they were effectively disenfranchised. The poll tax was used as part of the package of Jim Crow Laws enacted after Reconstruction, and affected poor whites as well as blacks.

Question 55

The New South

Answer 55

Proposed changes in the Southern economy in the post-Civil War era: ncreased laissez-faire policies; emphasized economic diversity; supported greater industrialization; criticized over-reliance on cotton as the South’s sole economic driver

Question 56

Nez Perce

Answer 56

Native American who in 1877, refused to vacate their lands in the Pacific Northwest and move to an Idaho reservation. The Army’s attempt to force the Nez Perce onto reservation land led to a 1,150-mile pursuit, 18 engagements, and four major battles, until the Nez Perce Tribe surrendered. Chief Joseph, the most famous of the Nez Perce, gave his famous speech “I Will Fight No More Forever” at the surrender.

Question 57

The Great Sioux War

Answer 57

Prompted by the influx of gold miners to South Dakota during the Black Hills Gold Rush in 1876; The Sioux resented the incursion of white miners onto their reservations. Led by Chief Crazy Horse, the Sioux had several early successes, including wiping out General Custer and the Seventh U.S. Cavalry at the Battle of Little Bighorn; By 1877, an overwhelming number of forces and a loss at the Battle of Wolf Mountain induced the Sioux to surrender and return to their reservations.

Question 58

The Gilded Age

Answer 58

Term coined by novelist Mark Twain to describe the political corruption and growing economic disparity that characterized the American government following the end of Reconstruction

Question 59

Laissez-faire

Answer 59

A belief that natural market forces, rather than the government, should regulate the marketplace; the ideas contradictions were increasingly exposed in the late 1800s, as consolidation reduced natural competition, prompting the first government regulations of business and the economy.

Question 60

Rutherford B. Hayes most significant politcal legacy

Answer 60

Civil Service Reform; this set him at odds with Stalwart Republicans, who continued to support the spoils system. Hayes was trying to remove corruption by requiring that people take an exam in order to get a government job.

Question 61

How did the growth of railroads during the 1870s and 1880s affect the farmers of the Great Plains?

Answer 61

During the 1870s and 1880s, railroads proliferated and were significantly overbuilt. To make a profit, many of these railroads reached discount agreements with frequent customers. To make up the shortfall, the railroads charged high rates to farmers, whose areas were often only serviced by one railroad line.

Question 62

Price fixing

Answer 62

an anti-competitive measure that takes place when competitors agree that they will match prices. During the later half of the 1800s, competing railroads often agreed amongst themselves on the prices that they would charge farmers for shipping produce, leading to increased costs to the farmers.

Question 63

The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry

Answer 63

A cooperative association of farmers. Originally founded as an educational organization, the Grange fought against unfair prices charged by railways.

Question 64

the Granger Cases (1877)

Answer 64

Several states had established “Granger Laws,” which served to regulate the rates charged by railroads, grain elevator operators, etc. Six of these laws came before the Supreme Court. The decisions, known as the Granger Cases, upheld the Granger Laws, protecting farmers from railroad price-fixing. This would only last for 9 years since the court case Wabash v Illinois virtually destroyed the Granger Laws since it ruled that an individual state could not regulate railroads that entered multiple states since those railroads were considered interstate commerce.

Question 65

How did railroads affect consumerism during the late 1800s?

Answer 65

Both food and durable goods were shipped throughout the country via railway; The development of the refrigerated railroad car meant that meat could be shipped long distance; An increased number of canned goods meant that vegetables could be shipped long distances without spoilage, improving people’s diet; Shopping by catalog became the new standard, allowing distant farm families to purchase goods, which were then shipped to them via railroad.

Question 66

What were some of the growth of railroads in the years following the Civil War?

Answer 66

Rise of mass consumption; economic growth as manufactured goods were shipped throughout the country; exponential growth in the coal and steel industries; Creation of more complex forms of corporate structuring such as trusts and corporations; the standardization of time, resulting in the four times zones in the US today.

Question 67

What prompted the 1877 Railroad Strike?

Answer 67

In 1877, the largest railroads announced a 10% cut in wages for all workers as a result of the ongoing Panic of 1873 that turned into a Great Depression. Workers struck first in West Virginia, and the strike spread to 10 other states. In sympathy, workers in several other industries struck as well. The strike ended when President Rutherford B. Hayes used federal troops to put down the strike. Some 100 strikers were killed. This showed how serious the government was willing to get in order to force people back to work.

Question 68

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 68

President of the New York Central Railroad during the 1860s and 1870s. The New York Central dominated rail traffic between Chicago and New York City, and was the result of the merger of several smaller railway lines in 1867.

Question 69

What was the goal of federal Indian policy during the latter half of the 19th century?

Answer 69

The goal of federal Indian policy was assimilation, through the de-humanization of the Native Americans, incorporating them into the American way of life. Assimilation policies led to attempts to convert the Indians forcibly to Christianity, and to Indian boarding schools, where young Indians were taken from their families and forcibly taught to forget their religion, their language, and their history.

Question 70

The Carlisle Indian School

Answer 70

Students were forced to change their names, stop speaking their native languages, and cut their hair. Students were also forced to convert to Christianity, sometimes by physical assoult and torture. 186 Native American children died while attending due to the physical and mental abuse inflicted upon them by the American government.

Question 71

Helen Hunt, A Century of Dishonor (1881)?

Answer 71

Hunt described the treatment of Indians at the hands of the U.S. government and detailed broken treaties. To date the government has violated 500 treaties with Native American groups since its founding in 1776.

Question 72

Beginning in the 1880s, Ida B. Wells devoted herself to investigating and exposing what societal ill?

Answer 72

Lynching: Lynchings had become common in the South. Wells, a prominent speaker and social advocate, investigated lynchings and published Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in All Its Phases, which led to some minor reforms, although lynchings would continue through the Civil Rights Era; One of the founding members of the NAACP, Wells advocated for black equality in both law and fact.

Question 73

Booker T. Washington

Answer 73

Founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881, a vocational school for Blacks in Alabama. The Tuskegee Institute taught skilled trades, preached the value of hard work, and contended that Black empowerment would come through employment and self-advancement.

Question 74

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 74

Passed in 1882; banned immigration from China for a period of 10 years, extended an additional 10 years in 1892. Passed under pressure of Western nativists; in the West, Chinese miners and laborers made up a large proportion of the workforce, filling jobs which Western workers felt belonged to them.

Question 75

The Farmers’ Alliance

Answer 75

A nationwide movement that thrived in the 1880s and 1890s, encompassing many regional farmers’ movements such as the Grange, the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union, and the National Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial Union.

Question 76

Wabash v. Illinois (1886)

Answer 76

The Court held that while states had the right to regulate railroads that operated solely within their borders, only Congress could regulate long-haul shipping rates, i.e. rates charged for shipping goods from one state to another, which is considered interstate commerce. The Court’s decision limited the early rulings in the Granger Cases (1877) to only railroads that stayed within that state. Individual states could not regulate railroads going through multiple states since that was considered interstate commerce.

Question 77

Specie

Answer 77

Coined money (typically silver or gold).

Question 78

What was the difference between soft-money and hard-money advocates?

Answer 78

Soft-money: argued that paper money should be issued that was not tied to the amount of gold in the U.S. Treasury. By the 1880s, soft-money advocates also pushed for increased silver coinage; Hard Money: supporters wanted to limit the amount of currency in circulation to the amount of gold possessed by the U.S. Treasury.

Question 79

Social Darwinism

Answer 79

Extended the evolutionary theory of “survival of the fittest” to the world of business, and justified the concentration of large amounts of wealth into the hands of a small few by contending that it benefited the country and humanity as a whole. Essentially, Social Darwinists believed that wealth belonged in the hands of those best suited to control it, and any effort by the government to regulate the distribution or accumulation of wealth was not only an infringement on liberty, but deliterios for the human species.

Question 80

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 80

Invented the telephone in 1876.

Question 81

What two inventions led to the development of the skyscraper in the 1880s?

Answer 81

Elisha Otis’s safety elevator made large buildings practical, while the use of the Bessemer Process to create a steel framework enabled buildings to exceed 10 stories.

Question 82

Tammany Hall

Answer 82

A political organization within New York City’s Democratic Party. Between the 1860s and the early 1900s, Tammany Hall was the headquarters of New York’s machine politics, where political bosses such as Boss Tweed distributed political patronage in exchange for votes and large amounts of cash.

Question 83

Machine Politics

Answer 83

A political organization controlled by a “boss” or small leadership group, which can motivate a large “get out the vote” effort. The boss commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state. Due to their electoral control, political bosses can distribute government positions and government construction projects, often in exchange for bribes or political support.

Question 84

Boss Tweed

Answer 84

a notorious political boss in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s. Through his control of Tammany Hall, Tweed was able to bilk New York City out of at least $45 million. Most of Tweed’s support came from newly arrived Irish immigrants, whom he courted by distributing food and clothing. Tweed and other political bosses represented the corruption that led Mark Twain to call the period “The Gilded Age.”

Question 85

Stalwart Republicans

Answer 85

Led by New York’s Roscoe Conkling, the Stalwart Republicans supported the spoils system, under which elected officials distributed jobs to friends and supporters.

Question 86

Half-Breed Republicans

Answer 86

Favored civil service reform. Both Rutherford B. Hayes (the 1876 Republican nominee) and James A. Garfield (the 1880 Republican nominee) were Half-Breeds.

Question 87

Why was Chester A. Arthur chosen as James Garfield’s running mate in the 1880 presidential campaign?

Answer 87

While Garfield was a Half-Breed Republican and in support of civil service reform, Arthur was chosen to appeal to Stalwart Republicans, who supported the spoils system.

Question 88

The Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Answer 88

Began the decline of the spoils system on the national level by providing a selection of government employees based on competitive exams, rather than based on personal, politcal, or monetary connections/transactionswho you knew.

Question 89

The Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Answer 89

The Supreme Court held that Congress could not outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals. The Court reasoned that the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to state acts, but not to the acts of private individuals; put an end to the efforts of Radical Reconstructionists to ensure black equality in the South, and endemic Southern discrimination continued into the 1960s.

Question 90

the Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

Answer 90

Established the first regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission. Congress charged the Commissionwith ensuring that railroad rates were “reasonable and just.”

Question 91

the Knights of Labor

Answer 91

The second large-scale national labor union, reaching a million members in the 1880s. Advocated for arbitration (rather than strikes) to: end disputes between workers and employers; establish an eight-hour work day; end child labor; increase government regulation of business

Question 92

What event prompted the demise of the Knights of Labor

Answer 92

During a peaceful rally for the 8-hr day in Haymarket Square in Chicago, an unknown terrorist (likely an agent provocateur in the pay of the Pinkertons, Chicago PD, and welathy business interests), threw a bomb, which injured seven policemen, and instigating a massive riot. Americans condemned the labor union movement, believing it too radical and prone to violence. Membership in the Knights of Labor plummeted and the union movement as a whole received a severe setback.

Question 93

American Federation of Labor

Answer 93

Combination of craft unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers. By the 1900s had 1 mil members. Took a much more concilatory position then the National Labor Union or the Knights of Labor. Denounced violent labor militancy, revolutionary rhetoric, and political radicalism. While they ocassionally deployed labor militancy (strikes, walkouts, lockouts), they sought peaceful resolution through collective bargaining, in which all employees negotiated with mamagement together. The AFL achieved succes because they represented workers that could not be easily replaced by scabs.

Question 94

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Answer 94

Policy through which the US government forced Native Americans to sell their “excess land”, oftentimes underpaying when purchasing land from them. To encourage them to sell their land, they promised Native Americans their citizenship but only if they sold their land. By doing this, the US government was hoping to encourage them to farm the land, despite that most of the land was not suitable for farming.

Question 95

Merger

Answer 95

When two companies are joined into one, e.g. Company A and Company B are consolidated to form Company C. Mergers were first used during the railway boom after the Civil War, as companies were consolidated to increase efficiency and to reduce duplication of railway lines.

Question 96

Interlocking directorates

Answer 96

When a member of the board of directors of one company also serves on the board of directors of a competitor. By serving on both boards, the director is able to coordinate policy between the two, harming competition. Often used by corporations during the late nineteenth century, interlocking directorates became illegal with the Clayton Act (1914).

Question 97

The Standard Oil Company

Answer 97

Under the control of John D. Rockefeller, was the largest oil producer in the United States in the late 1800s, with ownership of 95% of the market. Rockefeller grew Standard Oil through the use of horizontal integration; stockholders of competitors sold their stock to Rockefeller, giving him control of their company. Using this tactic, Rockefeller then drove the price of oil down, forcing other competitors out of business.

Question 98

Horizontal Integration

Answer 98

Where a single person or trust owns virtually all of one aspect in the production process; usually brought about by consolidating several smaller companies in the same field into one cooperating enterprise; ohn D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company controlled virtually all the oil refining capability in the United States in the late 1800s by using horizontal integration. The control of this crucial phase in the production of oil gave him power over the entire market for oil.

Question 99

Corporate Trusts

Answer 99

Used to combine several smaller competitors into large business concerns, the resulting company being known as a “trust.” The tactic eliminated competition between the firms. Trusts existed in a number of industries, including sugar, whiskey, meat, leather, and tobacco.

Question 100

Company Towns

Answer 100

Towns in which most, if not all, the real estate and buildings are owned by a company that employs the populace of the town. During the late nineteenth century, industrialists such as George Pullman, who owned most of the luxury railroad cars during this time, built company towns that provided workers with indoor plumbing, sewers, and gas heating. Workers in this town still had to pay the company for rent though. In this way, the company could also make money off of the workers too.

Question 101

Yellow dog contract

Answer 101

An agreement between a worker and an employer that requires the worker to agree not to join a union. If the worker joins one, he would be automatically fired from the job.

Question 102

Scab

Answer 102

Workers hired during a strike to keep a company’s production flowing, and can be used by a company to prolong and defeat a strike by the company’s workforce.

Question 103

Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth

Answer 103

The wealthy had a duty to better society by aiding the poor. Carnegie did not, however, advocate merely providing the poor with money. Rather, Carnegie believed that it was the duty of the wealthy to provide means by which the poor could achieve success, such as by endowing free libraries, schools, and universities. In order to do this, wealthy people must be uninhibited taxation or regulatoin to accumulate as much wealth as possible.

Question 104

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Answer 104

Published in 1890, How the Other Half Lives contained photographs of the living conditions in New York’s tenements and slums. The shock value of Riis’s photographs drew attention to the squalid living conditions of the “other half.”

Question 105

How did Congress attempt to regulate the growth of trusts in 1890?

Answer 105

the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibited all restraints of trade and unfair methods of competition. The new act was ambiguously written and rarely enforced by the government, so it did little to weaken the monopolies that crushed competition during the Gilded Age.

Question 106

The Homestead Strike

Answer 106

In 1892, workers at Carnegie’s Homestead Steel Mill went on strike when manager Henry Clay Frick announced a 20% reduction in wages. Frick instituted a lockout and brought in scabs. When strikers attacked the scabs, Frick hired Pinkerton detectives to remove the strikers. In the ensuing violence 16 workers died and 150 were injured. To stop the violence, the governor of Pennsylvania (Robert Pattinson, of Twighlight fame) ordered out the state militia, who joined the mill’s management in protecting scabs. The strike was crushed.

Question 107

Frederick Jackson Turner The Frontier in American History

Answer 107

Argued that America’s success was due to the American Frontier: As Americans moved west, each succeeding generation discarded elements of European political and social culture which were no longer valuable, such as established churches and a small group of landowners; becoming instead individualistic, independent, and less tolerant of hierarchy.

Question 108

The Pullman Strike (1894)

Answer 108

Pullman was the largest maker of railroad cars in the country. In 1894 George Pullman announced a reduction in wages, but not a corresponding reduction in rents at the Pullman company town. Workers went on strike and sought the assistance of Eugene V. Debs, head of the American Railway Union. Throughout the country, Debs instructed workers to refuse to load, link, or carry any train that had a Pullman car attached, and the nation’s transportation infrastructure ground to a halt.

Question 109

How did rail owners respond to the Pullman Strike of 1894?

Answer 109

The Pullman Strike of 1894 paralyzed the nation’s rail network, as workers refused to load, link, or carry any train with a Pullman car. Rail owners attached mail cars to the Pullman cars, and then claimed to the U.S. government that the strikers were blocking the mail, a violation of U.S. law. With the approval of Grover Cleveland, rail owners sought and received an injunction from the courts, which required workers to stop striking. Workers and the American Railway Union leadership who refused (including Eugene V. Debs) were jailed.

Question 110

What did the Supreme Court hold in In re Debs (1895)?

Answer 110

Eugene V. Debs was the head of the American Railway Union, who had been arrested in the Pullman Strike of 1894 for violating a court injunction ending the strike. Debs argued that the use of court injunctions to stop strikes was impermissible. The Court disagreed, and justified the use of injunctions to avoid interruptions of interstate commerce during strikes. The decision had two results: 1) allowed corporations to destroy labor unions through the use of the courts; 2) Debs concluded that more radical solutions were needed to assist labor, and turned to socialism.

Question 111

Socialism

Answer 111

focus on class struggle (between elite/capatlists & labor/workers); advocates collective ownership of property -> owned by state/workers;

Question 112

Communism

Answer 112

Revolutionary expression of socialism = the only way to attain worker power is through revolution