10-14 Cumulative Flashcards

Question

How did the Constitutional Convention resolve the differences between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan?

Answer 1

The Convention adopted the Connecticut Plan, otherwise known as the Great Compromise. The Connecticut Plan established a bicameral legislature in which the number of legislators in the House of Representatives was determined by population, while each state had an equal number of legislators in the Senate.

Answer 2

A legislature with one chamber. The Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature.

Answer 3

2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free

Answer 4

**1.** Creation of the National Bank****

Answer 5

Congress was not in session, and Lincoln, using his executive powers, acted without its approval to: 1. Suspend the writ of habeas corpus, allowing for the indefinite detention of those suspected of actions against the government 2. Call upon the governors for 75,000 militia troops to serve for three months 3. Authorize spending for military purposes

Answer 6

The South’s attempt to induce recognition and intervention by Great Britain and France. The South believed that Great Britain was dependent on Southern cotton to run its textile mills, upon which the British economy depended. In the early part of the War (before the Union blockade was firmly in place), the South cut off cotton exports. France was widely believed to be willing to recognize the Confederacy once Britain had done so.

Answer 7

Drafted by James Madison, called for a bicameral legislature with two branches. Each state would send legislators to each branch based upon the size of their population.

Answer 8

**2.** Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

Answer 9

Andrew Jackson fought a successful campaign against Britain’s allies, the Creek Indians (opening Alabama for settlement), then withstood a British attack at New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815. A stirring American victory, it actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed between the British and Americans at Ghent, in Belgium.

Answer 10

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Answer 11

Tories were American Loyalists who fought on the side of the British, or otherwise aided them in their war against the American colonists. ## Footnote Approximately 60,000 Tories fought for the British in the Revolutionary War, and in excess of 500,000 Tories were suspected to exist in the colonies. After the war, many Tories fled to Canada.

Answer 12

**2.** The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

Answer 13

General George B. McClellan ## Footnote General George B. McClellan, who ran on the Democratic Party ticket, promoted immediate peace with the South. For 1864, the Republican Party was renamed the Union Party, in an effort to attract pro-War Democrats. Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson, a pro-War Democrat from Tennessee, as his running mate. Lincoln initially thought his chances at re-election slim, but Sherman’s capture of Atlanta ensured Lincoln’s victory.

Answer 14

There were more Northern Representatives in the House, since the North had a greater population. In the Senate, however, there were 11 free state Senators, and 11 slave state Senators. Missouri’s admission as a slave state threatened to upset the even numbers in the Senate, worrying many in the North.

Answer 15

After Spanish troops were withdrawn from Florida to suppress rebellions in Central and South America, a mixed band of escaped slaves, whites, and Seminole Indians used the lack of authority to launch raids on American settlements and then flee across the border beyond American retribution. ## Footnote President Monroe authorized Jackson to stop the raids by crossing the border if necessary.

Answer 16

**4.** A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.

Answer 17

To the extent that they existed, labor unions focused on efforts to limit the workday to 10 hours. Several factors limited any pressure that unions were able to exert in the economy: the depression that followed the Panic of 1837, which led to a surplus of labor the constant influx of immigrants, who provided an inexpensive pool of non-union labor.

Answer 18

The states of the Upper South (Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee) announced they were seceding and joining the Confederacy. The Confederates rejoiced at the new additions to their ranks, and the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia.

Answer 19

Concerned that goods from newly peaceful Britain would flood the U.S. market, Congress passed a high tariff in 1816 to protect American manufacturers. Although passed by Democratic-Republicans, the Tariff of 1816 was similar to one proposed by Hamilton during George Washington’s adminstration.

Answer 20

**3.** It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

Answer 21

The vast Western territory ceded to the United States by virtue of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the post-Mexican War period, an overarching political question was how slavery would apply to the new Mexican Cession territories. ## Footnote Most moderate Southerners simply favored extending the Missouri Compromise line of 36°30’ westward, and allowing slavery below the line. A few “fire-eaters” (pro-slavery radicals) did propose opening the entirety of the Mexican Cession to slavery.

Answer 22

The Law specifically: 1. empowered special commissioners to detain Black people. 2. held trials in federal – rather than state – court to determine their enslaved status. 3. denied juries in trials to determine their enslaved status. Those caught liberating enslaved people, or attempting to help them in any way, would face severe fines and penalties.

Answer 23

Jackson issued his Specie Circular, which required that purchases of government land be made in gold and silver, rather than paper currency from his Pet Banks. ## Footnote Since banks were more willing to lend scrip, rather than gold and silver, this led to a sudden curtailment of credit, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

Answer 24

1. Missouri admitted as a slave state 2. Maine admitted as a free state 3. Slavery disallowed in future territories north of 36°30’ except within Missouri itself

Answer 25

The principle of judicial review. ## Footnote Written by Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review. John Marshall decided to give Thomas Jefferson the victory in this case of the Midnight Appointments, since giving Jefferson what he wanted also meant that Jefferson (and by extension Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans) would have to agree with the idea of “judicial review”. By agreeing to it, both political parties were agreeing to the idea that the Supreme Court would have the final say on whether or not a law was constitutional or unconstitutional.

Answer 26

Thomas Paine ## Footnote Paine‘s Common Sense sold hundreds of thousands of copies and persuaded many Americans to favor independence.

Answer 27

Support for the Free Soil Party came from two groups: - Conscience Whigs, so called because they believed an extension of slavery violated their conscience. - Antislavery Democrats, known as “barnburners,” because it was feared that their defection from the Democratic ranks would hinder the Democratic Party’s chances in the 1848 election, which it did.

Answer 28

Ralph Woldo Emerson

Answer 29

**4.** Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.

Answer 30

**2.** It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.

Answer 31

**4.** Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Answer 32

**1.** the large size of the United States was a source of political stability

Answer 33

Centered in New England, New York, and New Jersey, Federalists denounced the war as an attempt by the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Florida in an effort to increase the number of Democratic-Republican voters.

Answer 34

With their new majorities, the Federalists attempted to silence the Democratic-Republicans and passed: 1. the Alien Act 2. the Sedition Act 3. the Naturalization Act

Answer 35

**2.** The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Answer 36

**3.** The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.

Answer 37

On July 9, 1850, President Taylor, who had been opposed to the Compromise, died of doo-doo ass. Millard Fillmore, his Vice President, assumed the office and signed each piece of the Compromise as it came before him.

Answer 38

To raise funds for the new federal government Alexander Hamilton had wanted to establish a high tariff, but Congress established a lower tariff and raised the rest by taxing various domestic products, including whiskey. ## Footnote *Farmers in Western Pennsylvania didn’t want to pay the tax on the whiskey, so they attacked the tax collectors. In response, Washington raised 15,000 men, led by Alexander Hamilton, and sent them to Western Pennsylvania to squash the rebellion. By the time the army arrived, the rebellion had dispersed.*

Answer 39

William Lloyd Garrison ## Footnote Taking inspiration from Thoreau, Garrison declared “that which is not just is not law.”

Answer 40

**2.** Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.

Answer 41

Provided employment for thousands of women in the factory towns of Massachusetts. Women from nearby farms lived in factory dormitories for short periods, working long hours in miserable conditions to earn enough for a dowry or to help their families.

Answer 42

Jackson considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason. ## Footnote After asking Congress for a Force Bill, Jackson mobilized the Army, and threatened to hang John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina politician and his former Vice President, from the nearest tree. This was because John C. Calhoun had been responsible for the crisis. Jackson, although in favor of states’ rights, considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason. After heated debate, cooler heads prevailed, and South Carolina backed down, thus ending the Nullification Crisis.

Answer 43

**1.** The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

Answer 44

In 1848, revolutions broke out throughout Europe, followed by a wave of violent repression upon its working classes. Germany was particularly troubled, and many Germans came to the United States for refuge. In addition, ocean transport was improving, both in speed and comfort, and several shipping lines specialized in transporting immigrants across the Atlantic.

Answer 45

Although the Bank’s charter still had a few years left, Clay pushed a recharter bill through Congress, which Jackson promptly vetoed. Clay had hoped that Jackson’s veto of the recharter bill would swing the election to the Whigs, but the move backfired, and Jackson defeated Clay handily in the 1832 election.

Answer 46

**4.** It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Answer 47

Several factories hired women, some of whom worked in the Lowell System, where workers lived and labored at the factory. Children as young as seven were employed throughout the Northeast. The Lowell System, which offered a safe space for women to work, began in the early 1820s.

Answer 48

John Jay had been sent to negotiate a treaty regarding the British policy of impressment, which was the practice of British sailors kidnapping American sailors whom the British claimed weren’t really American. When John Jay returned to the USA, his treaty said nothing about impressment. Instead, it was an agreement by the British to abandon their forts on the western frontier, which the British had already agreed to do at the end of the Revolutionary War. ## Footnote *In addition, Washington’s willingness to negotiate with the British irritated pro-French Democratic-Republicans.*

Answer 49

In 1824, the House of Representatives was under the control of Henry Clay (who also finished fourth in the Electoral College that year). Although Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote, Clay’s efforts convinced the House to vote for John Quincy Adams as President. Upon his election, Adams promptly nominated Clay as Secretary of State (considered a stepping stone to the Presidency). Outraged Jacksonians saw a conspiracy afoot, and denounced what they considered a “corrupt bargain.”

Answer 50

Vicksburg ## Footnote Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant captured Vicksburg in 1863, completing Scott’s Anaconda Plan. The capture of Vicksburg was the result of a long siege, and cut off the eastern Confederacy from supplies and men in Texas and Arkansas. Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg occurred in the same week, and marked the beginning of the end of the War.

Answer 51

With overseas markets closed, a massive depression followed the Embargo Act, especially in New England, where the economy was heavily dependent on shipping and trade.

Answer 52

The secession of the border states would have doubled the Confederacy’s population. Federal troops were dispatched to Delaware and Maryland. Missouri experienced its own miniature civil war and had both a Confederate government and Union government. Lincoln’s biggest worry was Kentucky, the largest border state. He allowed Kentucky to declare neutrality, foregoing action unless the South invaded. Lincoln said “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.”

Answer 53

The Court held that Maryland could not tax the Bank. The Constitution gave the government the implied power to create a bank, and because the power to tax is the power to destroy, Maryland could not tax an institution created by the federal government. Another court case where the Marshall Court ruled in favor of stronger federal power.

Answer 54

Support for the French Revolution was strong in the United States, although there was concern about the intense violence and mob attacks which accompanied it. Thomas Jefferson and his allies proved to be the French Revolution’s strongest supporters.

Answer 55

A boundary was set at the 49th parallel, a reasonable compromise position. There was some dispute in the Senate over whether to ratify the Oregon Treaty. Still, war with Mexico threatened to break out at any moment, and few had a desire to fight two countries simultaneously, so they ratified the treaty to focus on a war with Mexico.

Answer 56

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power. ## Footnote After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.

Answer 57

Judicial review is a principle, established in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, (1803) that holds that the Supreme Court has the power to review acts of Congress and the President to determine whether they are allowed under the Constitution.

Answer 58

**3.** A rise in nativist beliefs

Answer 59

**2.** His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

Answer 60

**2.** Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

Answer 61

Forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi. Signed by Andrew Jackson and carried out during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, the Native Americans followed the 1,000-mile long Trail of Tears, forced to by the United States military, where 15,000 men, women, and children died, due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion. Some Native American men had to walk with shackles on their hands and feet.

Answer 62

It helped to create inflation but made it harder to save money. ## Footnote With a plentiful supply of money, Jackson’s Pet banks were eager to loan their money out to people so that they (Jackson’s Pet banks) could collect interest from the loans they gave out to people, thus making more money. The first people to come to Jackson’s Pet Banks were land speculators, so the Pet Banks lent money to loads of land speculators. Then, when lots of people who now had money started buying up the land at around the same time, it drove up the price of the land, helping to create inflation. This also made it harder for people who had no money to buy a property and make a home since it became harder to save.

Answer 63

2. Taxation without direct representation in Parliament

Answer 64

A network to guide escaped slaves to safe houses. ## Footnote The Underground Railroad, directed by enslaved people themselves, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman, was a network that guided escaped enslaved peoples along secret routes and to safe houses until they reached freedom. Most often, these railroads ended in Canada, where enslaving people was already illegal. Southern laws had harsh punishments for people who helped anyone along on the Underground railroad. Southern slave catchers were always a danger for enslaved peoples and their liberators, even in northern “free” states.

Answer 65

As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton made three proposals: 1. A National Bank 2. The federal government would pay the debts of states from the Revolutionary War using the national bank 3. A high tariff on imported goods, to protect the newly created factories in the North from British competition

Answer 66

**3.** State politicians fearful of a strong central government****

Answer 67

**3.** Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands

Answer 68

In an effort to keep the border states on the Union side, or at least neutral, Lincoln did not push to end slavery in the first 2 years of the Civil War. Lincoln insisted that the war was not about slavery, but about the preservation of the Union.

Answer 69

General William Tecumseh Sherman ## Footnote After capturing Atlanta, Sherman led his “March to the Sea,” cutting a 60 mile-wide swath of destruction through Georgia, destroying much of the South’s psychological and physical ability to continue the War. Sherman’s march ended with the capture of Savannah on December 21, 1864. Sherman then turned north, intending to march through the Carolinas and join Grant outside Richmond.

Answer 70

Beginning in the 1820s, the interests of the sections of the country began to diverge: 1. The South resented the Tariff of Abominations, which was being used to fund improvements such as roads and canals in the West and North. 2. Westerners did not like the Bank of the United States, which they felt was being used by Northern merchants to enhance their wealth. 3. The North disliked slavery, which was fundamental to the South’s economic prosperity.

Answer 71

Nat Turner was born enslaved on a Virginia plantation where his enslaver taught him how to read and write while also introducing him to religion. As a result, Nat Turner became an enslaved preacher. ## Footnote Believing in signs and hearing voices in his head, Nat became convinced that God chose him to free the enslaved after witnessing a solar eclipse. With the help of 4 other enslaved men, he became infamous during the 1830s to free enslaved people, from which he successfully freed 80 enslaved people, during a slave uprising on August 21, 1831. Unfortunately, this rebellion against their slavery resulted in the death of 55 white people, mostly women, and children since the men were in a revival meeting in North Carolina.

Answer 72

1. Union blockade of Southern ports, cutting off the Confederacy from needed supplies and hard currency. 2. Military force to move down the Mississippi, cutting the Confederacy in half.

Answer 73

Hamilton, who favored a strong central government, felt that the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause endowed Congress with the power to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

Answer 74

First, Washington warned Americans against forming political parties, a process that was already well underway. More importantly, Washington warned against involvement in European affairs and “permanent alliances” with European powers. ## Footnote *It’s not that Washington didn’t have a problem with Asian or African powers, it’s just that during this time, they rarely, if ever, interacted with the United States. If anything was going to drag America into a conflict, Washington believed, it was going to be the drama of Europe.*

Answer 75

**1.** Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

Answer 76

Salutary neglect describes the hands-off policy the British adopted towards the colonies prior to 1763. The British did not enforce parliamentary law or interfere in trade.

Answer 77

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia ## Footnote After abandoning Richmond under pressure, Lee was cornered and forced to surrender his Army at the town of Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia on April 9, 1865. Over the next few weeks, the remaining Confederate forces laid down their arms, and the War ended.

Answer 78

Washington’s decision provoked outcry throughout the west. As the chief critic of the federal government, Thomas Jefferson became an outspoken supporter of the western farmer.

Answer 79

Much of the farmland in areas such as Georgia and South Carolina had been exhausted by years of cotton farming and poor crop management. The lands in these new states proved fertile and ideal for cotton growing. The new arrivals typically brought their enslaved people with them, and the price for buying an enslaved person doubled between 1825 and 1845.

Answer 80

**4.** It is a response to a British law designed to help pay for the war effort in North America.****

Answer 81

With the Congress unable to agree to the Compromise as a whole, Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois engineered coalitions that passed individual parts of the Compromise, and presented them to the President, one at a time, for signature. Douglas, known as the Little Giant, earned a reputation as a compromising Northerner who could find common ground with the South.

Answer 82

**2.** *Worcester v. Georgia*

Answer 83

The Federalists thought that a strong central government was essential to the survival of the United States. On the other hand, the Anti-Federalists believed that a strong federal government would impinge upon the rights of the states and the people.

Answer 84

Radical Republicans themselves never completely existed as a united political group. The only thing that united all of them was their shared desire for the emancipation of Black people and issues of racial justice. When it came to gold/silver, tariffs, or reform for workers, Radical Republicans were often very divided.

Answer 85

From Missouri and the Southern states, pro-slavery men arrived, determined to make the state a slave state. They were countered by immigrants from the North, determined to halt slavery’s spread. Organizations such as the New England Emigrant Aid Society funded anti-slavery immigration into the territory. The state quickly turned violent, which is where the name “Bleeding Kansas” comes from.

Answer 86

The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime.

Answer 87

Stressed educating women with American democratic principles, so that those principles could be passed on to the next generation of Americans.

Answer 88

California’s admission as a free state would upset the balance of power in the Senate, which had an equal number of Senators from free states and slave states. Matters became even more heated when President Taylor proposed admitting New Mexico as a free state at the same time.

Answer 89

Over 200,000 Blacks served in the Union Army, and over 37,000 died in the service of their country. Black soldiers served in all-Black units led by white officers. In the Confederate Army, Blacks served as laborers, digging trenches and hauling supplies, freeing Confederate soldiers for combat operations.

Answer 90

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and who called for immediate peace with the South.

Answer 91

**4.** Resistance to the president's policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

Answer 92

he Conscription Act established the first military draft in U.S. history. A provision of the law, which allowed anyone to escape the draft by paying $300, created widespread opposition. As a result, a popular slogan of the time was “Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight.”

Answer 93

First expounded by John Locke, the principle of natural law claimed that merely by his existence, man was endowed with rights which could not be taken or abridged by government. *Natural law’s principles provided a justification for the American Revolution, and were listed in the Declaration of Independence. (“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”)*

Answer 94

Each of the four candidates was ostensibly from the same political party, the Democratic-Republican Party. After the election, the Party split into Democrats (who supported Jackson), and the National Republicans, who became the Whig Party in 1828.

Answer 95

**2.** Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

Answer 96

judicial ## Footnote The Constitution provided that federal judges had lifetime tenure, and could only be removed from office by impeachment. Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, would retain that office for 34 years.

Answer 97

Washington was concerned that the United States was too weak to become entangled in European affairs; and in 1793 he declared that the United States would stay strictly neutral. As such, the United States would support neither Britain nor France. --

Answer 98

**4.** Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

Answer 99

The Mexican government banned immigration by Americans, an act Americans simply ignored as they continued to pour over the border.

Answer 100

John Locke was an English Enlightenment thinker. He theorized that although the government was supreme, it was required to follow certain natural laws; rights to which all human beings were entitled, simply by virtue of their humanity. Any infringement of these rights justified the overthrow of that government. *Ironically, John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers developed these radical new ideas on freedom while at the same time their countries were aggressively enslaving tens of thousands of people per year in Africa for enslaved labor in the Americas.*

Answer 101

While the South’s cotton could be used to exert economic pressure on Europe, the North possessed: 1. A significant banking sector that would assist fundraising. more railways than the South. 2. A large manegerial class who proved adept at keeping the Northern forces supplied.

Answer 102

**2.** Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.

Answer 103

- Doubled the size of the United States. - Removed a potentially troubling foreign presence from the American frontier. ## Footnote Containing parts of what would eventually become 13 states, Jefferson hoped that this new land would strengthen the position of his cherished American farmer.

Answer 104

American outrage at the Stamp Act proved a unifying force throughout the colonies. People started to forget the things that made them different and started to focus on issues that concerned all of the 13 colonies.

Answer 105

The Wilmot Proviso (1846) was a measure introduced in the House of Representatives, which attempted to ban slavery from any territory conquered from Mexico. It never became a law, since the Senate refused to pass it.

Answer 106

The Era of Good Feelings began with James Monroe’s election to the Presidency in 1816. With the Federalist Party collapsing, the Democratic-Republicans dominated politics and there was a renewed optimism brought about by a revived American economy and peace in Europe.

Answer 107

**3.** Military leadership

Answer 108

Republicans were able to enact many long-cherished financial reforms, such as the creation of a national bank, and raising tariff rates to finance the War (the Morrill Tariff Act, 1861).

Answer 109

Shays and his followers shut down the county courts to prevent land seizures and imprisonment for debt. Debts were required to be repaid in hard currency, which was scarce. ## Footnote *Shays’ Rebellion was a response to the economic depression and high taxes resulting from Revolutionary War debt, and highlighted the weakness of the government established by the Articles of Confederation.*

Answer 110

Religious revivalist movement that started in 1795 and lasting until 1835. ## Footnote Featured camp meetings that would feature revivalist Christian preachers giving sermons and is split into three different phases. One of the lasting effects of the 2nd Great Awakening is that it significantly increased movements such as Prohibition, Abolitionism, and reform for the mentally ill, etc.

Answer 111

Having expected a quick conquest of the South, the Confederate victory at Bull Run came as a shock to the North. The significance of the victory for the Confederacy is that it demonstrated that the War would be a long one.

Answer 112

Congressmen who favored war with Great Britain. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, most War Hawks came from the new states of the American West, such as Tennessee and Kentucky. ## Footnote The War Hawks contended that war with Britain was a matter of national honor, and the only way to ensure freedom of the seas and to stop British aid to Indian tribes of the West. They also argued that in the event of war, Canada could be taken by the United States.

Answer 113

In the early 1820s, New York permitted the formation of corporations. A corporation allows many individuals to purchase a percentage of ownership (known as a share). ## Footnote By allowing companies to issue stock to raise funds, corporations were able to invest capital in property, plants, and equipment, speeding the growth of manufacturing.

Answer 114

Passed by Congress and signed into law by George Washington. The law helped the Southern States find runaway slaves by getting the Northern states, who had banned slavery, to help them find people who had escaped their enslavement. ## Footnote *The law allowed slave catchers to enter free states to “capture runaway slaves” and fine anyone approximately $14,766.10 in today’s American dollars if they caught someone trying to help a runaway enslaved person. *

Answer 115

**1.** It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.

Answer 116

Dred Scott was an enslaved person in Missouri whose enslaver took him to Wisconsin and then returned with him to Missouri. Contending that once he had crossed into a state where slavery was illegal he had become liberated, Scott sued for his freedom.

Answer 117

**4.** Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 118

Since its passage, Jefferson had argued that the President could only exercise those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. No Constitutional provision allowed the President to purchase territory. Nevertheless, the Louisiana Purchase was such an amazing deal, Jefferson ignored his qualms and supported the transaction.

Answer 119

Made new immigrants wait an extra 9 years before they were allowed to become a citizen. This had lengthened it from 5 years to 14 years. The Federalists passed it because most new citizens tended to vote with the Democratic-Republican Party.

Answer 120

France ## Footnote Following an American victory at the Battle of Saratoga (1777), France recognized the United States and provided naval assistance, supplies, and monetary aid to the fledgling nation. French assistance proved the decisive factor in the Revolution by forcing the British into a wider war.

Answer 121

The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa. The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.

Answer 122

The Panic of 1837 was a direct result of Jackson’s Specie Circular, which significantly handicapped the Pet Banks’ ability to lend money since people valued specie greater than the Pet Bank Scrip. The devaluation of the scrip in the economy led to the Panic of 1837, slowing economic growth. ## Footnote However, the blame for the Panic and the depression which followed fell squarely upon President Martin van Buren, Jackson’s chosen successor, even though the Panic was largely due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from the Second Bank of the United States and the resulting Specie Circular.

Answer 123

Plantation Owners ## Footnote To be considered in the upper echelon of the South’s plantation economy, one needed 1,000 acres of land and have at least possess 100 enslaved people.

Answer 124

James K. Polk was a Jacksonian Democrat and ran for president in 1844. Polk came out strongly in favor of Oregon’s boundary being at 54°40′, and supported Texan annexation, appealing to those who supported Manifest Destiny. Because he was new to politics, people believed he would do what he said, and voted for him, making him President.

Answer 125

In the 1857 Supreme Court case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Court held that Scott was not free, finding that: 1. Scott has no standing to sue because, as a Black man, he was not a citizen; he was the physical property of his enslaver. 2. Slaves being property, a white citizen could not be deprived of his Black property without due process of law. 3. The Compromise of 1820, Compromise of 1850, and “Popular Sovereignty” all deprived citizens of their property without due process and was repealed. As a result, slavery could not be made illegal in any state

Answer 126

**1.** Proslavery

Answer 127

The Confederacy overestimated Britain’s need for Southern cotton because Britain was able to find other sources of cotton, including India and Egypt. The British working class were strongly antislavery, and after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and made ending slavery a prime goal of the War, British political leaders lacked the domestic support to recognize the Confederacy.

Answer 128

Called for a unicameral legislature where each state, regardless of population, had the same number of legislators. ## Footnote *William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a means of protecting small-population states from being overwhelmed by states with large populations.*

Answer 129

1. California would be admitted as a free state. 2. Popular sovereignty would decide the slavery issue in the Mexican Cession territories. 3. A Fugitive Slave Act would require the federal government to help force freedmen back into enslavement.

Answer 130

the belief that the United States was intended by God to rule the entirety of North America. Fulfilling this mission was the end goal of the American government during the first half of the 1800s.

Answer 131

**2.** recognize the tribes as separate nations

Answer 132

Allowed for fines against newspaper editors who criticized the President or Congress.

Answer 133

1. Vowed not to interfere with slavery where it currently existed. 2. Stated unequivocally that Northern forces would not fire the first shot. ## Footnote “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine is the momentous issue of Civil War. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.”

Answer 134

At Sand Creek, Colorado members of the Colorado Militia attacked a joint Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indian village, killing between 70 and 130 Indians, most of them women and children.

Answer 135

Jefferson and his supporters had two main objections to Hamilton’s plan: 1. They were concerned that as the federal government gained power, the states would lose it. 2. They felt that it would benefit the rich and hurt poor farmers.

Answer 136

The British ignored the First Continental Congress. ## Footnote *Massachusetts was declared to be in an open state of rebellion, and troops under British General Gage were dispatched to Boston.*

Answer 137

Prominent feminists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, proposed equality for women, including legal, property, and voting rights. Though the Seneca Falls Convention and the women’s movement were overshadowed by abolitionism, the Convention marked the beginning of the women’s rights movement.

Answer 138

**3.** The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.

Answer 139

**3.** They wanted to expand trade.

Answer 140

The primary Northern disadvantage was the lack of effective commanders, and a number of Northern generals proved incompetent. Only at the end of the War did an effective Northern military establishment emerge from experienced field commanders in the West, including Ulysses S. Grant, William Sherman, and Philip Sheridan.

Answer 141

**The Emancipation Proclamation.** National and International opinion required that Lincoln issued the Proclamation only after a major victory, so as not to appear as an act of desperation.

Answer 142

Federalists, who held the Presidency and a majority of House and Senate seats, lost the election of 1800, yet handed over power to the Democratic-Republicans peacefully, and without bloodshed. Such an event was rare in history and the “revolution” was that handing over control of the Congress took place without violence.

Answer 143

1. Large population: Northerners outnumbered Southerners 4 to 1, and an influx of new immigrants (many of whom joined the U.S. Army) added to the advantage. 2. Naval power: drawing primarily from the New England states, the U.S. Navy remained loyal, and was able to blockade the Confederacy. 3. Industry: most industry was based in the North, and Union factories churned out arms and ammunition.

Answer 144

**4.** Creation of political factions

Answer 145

**3.** The North was more severely affected than the South.

Answer 146

The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, desired a weak central government with limited powers as clearly written in the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans favored western farmers and agriculture. In contrast to the Federalists, the D-R’s wanted lower protective tariffs and supported the French Revolution.

Answer 147

Henry Clay ## Footnote The Missouri Compromise preserved the balance of power in the Senate, ensuring that for each free state admitted to the Union, a slave state would also be admitted. Portions of the Missouri Compromise would be repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed new states to vote on whether or not they wanted to allow slavery, and others would be struck down in the Scott v. Sandford decision.

Answer 148

The Declaratory Act (1766) reaffirmed the power of the British government to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Passed along with the repeal of the Stamp Act, few noticed the reaffirmation of the British taxing power.

Answer 149

**2.** The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.

Answer 150

Jacksonian Democracy centered upon the participation of the white male public in elections and the government. Under Jackson’s view, any white man could fill any office in the federal government. Jacksonian Democracy favored a strong Presidency and a weak Congress. The era of Jacksonian Democracy lasted until the 1850s when slavery once more loomed large as a national political issue.

Answer 151

**1.** economic greed and religious hypocrisy

Answer 152

**3.** Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.

Answer 153

A legislature with two chambers. The legislative branch, as established by the Constitution, is bicameral.

Answer 154

Pontiac’s Rebellion was an attack by a group of allied Native American tribes against British outposts who were protecting settlers who were flooding the area west of the Appalachian mountains. In response, the British issued the **Proclamation of 1763**, which banned colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British did this to save on the military costs of having to protect settlers.

Answer 155

Carrying out their threat, the states of the Deep South began to secede. South Carolina did so in December 1860, and six other states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana) followed. In February 1861, the representatives of the seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and formed the Confederate States of America.

Answer 156

Lincoln exercised a pocket veto over the Wade-Davis Bill (meaning that he neither approved nor vetoed it formally, instead letting the Congressional term expire). Lincoln opposed the Bill’s harsh Ironclad Oath, which required swearing that one had never taken up arms against the Union, nor given aid to the Confederacy. Lincoln preferred that Southerners swear an oath of future loyalty.

Answer 157

Dedicated to a strong state-level government and a weak central government, the governors of individual Southern states resisted calls from the Richmond government for troops and funds. The lack of centralized control hampered Jefferson Davis’s ability to defend the Confederacy.

Answer 158

The US government, after forcing Mexico to sign the Treaty, gave them 15 million dollars in exchange for 1/3 of the entire country of Mexico. Mexico would also recognize the Rio Grande River as Texas’ southern border, which was the initial American demand before the war.

Answer 159

Jackson’s supporters characterized him as the champion of the common man. Jackson had no higher education, had been in several duels, and was a military hero. Jackson’s background readily appealed to the newly enfranchised voters of the West, from where he drew much of his support.

Answer 160

**1.** Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.

Answer 161

Fletcher v. Peck (1810) ## Footnote In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption. The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.

Answer 162

In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Answer 163

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was intended to bring comfort to the Southern enslavers by forcing the government to hunt down freed Black people and return them to their enslavement, and sometimes, even face their own death.

Answer 164

- Methodists and Baptists supported slavery, citing Biblical support for the peculiar institution; as a result, their numbers grew. - - Unitarians challenged slavery as an institution, and their membership dropped as a consequence. - - Catholics and Episcopalians, present only in negligible numbers in the South, remained neutral over the issue.

Answer 165

**2.** He saw it as a threat to the nation's future.

Answer 166

The Confederate Constitution did not differ significantly from the U.S. Constitution, a testament to the strength of the original document. Among the minor changes, the Confederate Constitution: - limited the President to one six-year term - gave the President a line item veto - barred any limits on slavery’s extension - included limits on national tariffs

Answer 167

Offered 160 acres of free land upon the Great Plains to anyone who was willing to farm it for five years. The goal of the Homestead Act was to increase the population of the Great Plains, as well as to stimulate agricultural production.

Answer 168

Spain (which controlled New Orleans at the time), agreed that Americans could transfer cargo at New Orleans, without paying taxes to the Spanish government. This change significantly increased transportation along the Mississippi River by Americans, which led to the growth of New Orleans as a large shipping port.

Answer 169

**2.** Washington supported using credit only in times of war.

Answer 170

Antebellum nativists were suspicious of the new German and Irish immigrants. Most of the German immigrants, and almost all of the Irish ones, were Catholic. Protestant nativists feared that both groups could undermine American culture and take American jobs. Anti-immigrant fervor would reach its height in the 1850s, with the formation of the Know-Nothing Party.

Answer 171

Although the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening are two ideologically different events, one espousing rationalism while the other embracing religion, they both questioned authority. *This was because enlightenment philosophers like John Locke claimed that a government’s power comes from the people, not a King, and not from God. Meanwhile, religious leaders like Jonathan Edwards claimed that we were all sinners in the hands of an angry God. To Edwards, and other people who were swept up during the Great Awakening, even the King was a sinner, capable of doing sinful things, since we were all equal in God’s eyes.*

Answer 172

Shortly before he left office, President John Adams appointed several prominent Federalists to positions in the United States government, including appointing William Marbury as Justice of the Peace for Washington, D.C. Thomas Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver these midnight appointments, including William Marbury. In response, Marbury sued Madison. ## Footnote This case of the Midnight appointments would make its way to the Supreme Court in the case called Marbury v Madison.

Answer 173

**4.** Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.

Answer 174

The state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky passed laws that stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution.

Answer 175

The three main sections of the country were the North, the South, and the West. The West was generally considered anything beyond the Mississippi River.

Answer 176

Allowed for the building of a transcontinental railway through a Northern route. Before the Civil War, Southerners in Congress had been advocating for a Southern route which was the impetus behind the Gadsden Purchase. With Southerners absent, Congressional Republicans were able to establish a Northern route instead.

Answer 177

**1.** Passage of the Missouri Compromise

Answer 178

**2.** The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.

Answer 179

Eerie Canal ## Footnote The Canal’s completion allowed goods to be shipped to New York via the Great Lakes from as far away as Wisconsin, and the Canal soon rivaled the Mississippi River as the nation’s aquatic highway.

Answer 180

The Proclamation of 1763 marked the end of the period of salutary neglect, and marked the first time the British directly interfered with colonial affairs. *Further British interference would come in the form of taxation, as the British government sought to have the American colonies pay for some of the costs of the French and Indian War.*

Answer 181

**3.** Representation in Congress

Answer 182

Both Presidents were concerned that annexation of the Republic of Texas would lead to war with Mexico. Further, Texas was such a large territory that it was anticipated that the territory would be separated, meaning five separate slave states would come into the Union, engendering fierce political opposition. ## Footnote A Southerner, President John Tyler had an annexation bill introduced to the Congress, which was rejected despite concerns about growing British influence in the region.

Answer 183

The Battle of Gettysburg (1863) ## Footnote Some 50,000 soldiers fell during the Battle, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War and in American history. General Robert E. Lee’s forces were nearly destroyed, and for the remainder of the War the Confederacy was on the defensive.

Answer 184

Recognizing that the South was exhausted after more than three years of war, Grant relied on simple attrition, using the North’s greater resources in arms and manpower to launch several bloody attacks before laying siege to Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia.

Answer 185

**3.** Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers

Answer 186

**3.** Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812

Answer 187

The Articles of Confederation were established during the Revolutionary War by the Continental Congress. Due to fears of concentrated power, the Articles intentionally established a weak central government.

Answer 188

**1.** was fundamentally a white society

Answer 189

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ## Footnote Electors who cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr thought they were electing Burr for Vice President, but when Burr realized that the tie gave him the chance at the Presidency, he attempted to convince the still Federalist House of Representatives to vote for him as opposed to Jefferson, their staunch political enemy. Alexander Hamilton persuaded many Representatives that Jefferson was the safer choice, because he considered Burr a scoundrel. Later, Burr would shoot and kill Hamilton in a duel.

Answer 190

Stephen A Douglas introduced the bill was so that a midwestern transcontinental railroad could begin building towards California. To make the new road profitable, it needed customers along its lines. Customers meant settlers, and for settlers to own land, the territory needed to be organized. ## Footnote Douglas added a popular sovereignty provision to the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This meant that people would be able to decide, in their own states, whether they would be “free” or “slave”. He hoped that by allowing the new territories to vote themselves, he would not need to take a position on slavery and hinder his chances to become President.

Answer 191

**3.** It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

Answer 192

Since the South had a small manufacturing base, most low-level jobs were agricultural, and centered on the plantation economy. These jobs were held by slaves, and there simply were not enough free labor jobs to support large-scale immigration to the region.

Answer 193

French naval ships were impressing American sailors and searching American ships. President Adams sent American diplomats to negotiate with France. ## Footnote Three French ministers, whose names were never revealed and were known only as X, Y, and Z, requested bribes before the negotiations could begin. Insulted, the American diplomats returned home. Most Americans were outraged at the insult, and although popular support for war against Britain had been strong for a few months, now most Americans advocated for war against France.

Answer 194

**2.** They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

Answer 195

Thomas Jefferson believed the independent, "yeoman farmer" was central to American success. Alexander Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that the nation could best be strengthened through manufacturing and trade.

Answer 196

1. Mexico required anyone already living within Mexican territory to convert to Roman Catholicism. 2. Mexico passed legislation banning the enslavement of people. ## Footnote Americans simply ignored both laws. Most enslavers simply converted their slaves into “lifetime indentured servants”, a distinction without a difference that only served to irritate Mexican authorities.

Answer 197

Under the Spoils System, the newly elected President appointed those who’d helped him to federal office, such as Postmaster. Jackson believed that no training was necessary for any federal office. He also rotated federal officeholders after his first term, so as to provide jobs to as many Democrats as possible.

Answer 198

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807, which barred American ships from sailing to any non-American port. Jefferson hoped that Britain, cut off from American supplies, would cease violating American rights. Britain simply began importing more goods from South America and continued her impressment of Americans.

Answer 199

The Great Awakening revivalists claimed that all men were equal before God. This egalitarian principle led many to question the monarchy and to espouse democracy. | In addition, the Great Awakening revivals took place throughout the Amer

Answer 200

**2.** They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.

Answer 201

The Federalists promised the passage of a Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights, suggested by Thomas Jefferson, established limits to the power of the federal government, and guaranteed unto the people certain rights. By 1790, all 13 states had ratified the Constitution.

Answer 202

Currency printed by a bank ## Footnote Banks had an option to accept another bank’s scrip in repayment for a loan, or to demand gold or silver instead. This gold and silver is called “specie”. When the Pet Banks were loaded with cash, those banks began to issue scrip. Side note: Today, your (American) money is not printed by Banks, but it’s printed by a part of our U.S. government called the Federal Reserve.

Answer 203

The Radical Republicans, who controlled Congress, thought that Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan was too easy on the Confederate states so they denied their re-admission into the Union since re-admission was up to Congress.

Answer 204

The Sugar Act increased taxes on luxuries such as sugar. ## Footnote *It also provided for stronger enforcement of the Navigation Acts; any smugglers caught would be tried by an admiralty court, without a jury.*

Answer 205

Before he left, President Tyler had the entire Congress pass a joint resolution for annexation, which required fewer votes than a Senate measure. This joint resolution was a shortcut to annexing Texas. Once Texas was annexed, all the incoming President Polk had to do was settle the boundary dispute with Great Britain/England over the Oregon Territory.

Answer 206

**1.** The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

Answer 207

**1.** Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.

Answer 208

**4.** Second Great Awakening

Answer 209

- Engage in foreign policy as the nation’s representative - Have a four-year term limit (but could be re-elected to multiple terms) - Veto legislation passed by Congress

Answer 210

On Sunday, September 9, 1739, 20 enslaved people got together near the Stono River to start a rebellion. They went into a store to get guns but in the process killed the gunshop owner and some of the workers who resisted. At their greatest, they numbered 100 freedmen. Once armed, they went to several plantations: - Freeing people from their enslavement - Killing enslavers who had been cruel - Sparing the ones who had been kind

Answer 211

Nat Turner was captured and executed with 17 other enslaved Black people, while the other enslaved escaped. Broadly speaking, it affected southern slavery by making laws with harsher punishments for people who taught their enslaved people how to read. Southern states, starting with Virginia, would also make it illegal for enslaved people to preach Christianity.

Answer 212

Lincoln proposed that for a state to be readmitted to the Union, it had to fulfill two requirements: 1. Agree to abolish slavery. 2. 10% of the total number of voters from 1860 had to take an oath of future loyalty to the United States. ## Footnote Given the relative ease of Lincoln’s proposal, the states of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana fulfilled Lincoln’s requirements. They applied for readmission during the middle of the Civil War in 1863 since only 10% of the population needed to reapply for re-admission.

Answer 213

**3.** New England merchants

Answer 214

They nicknamed the 1828 Tariff the “Tariff of Abominations.” Ironically, the Tariff had been originally proposed by South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun. In response to the Tariff of Abominations, the British sharply reduced their cotton imports from the South, ravaging the South’s economic base.

Answer 215

Although Jefferson set out specific grievances (for example, that the King had “dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people”), he also established the right of the people to declare independence when their government violates the people’s natural rights.

Answer 216

Most cotton was sent in bales to Britain. There, the British turned the cotton into finished cloth. At the time of the Civil War, many in the South predicted British intervention due to Britain’s dependence on Southern cotton.

Answer 217

The Second Bank of the United States responded to the inflation that resulted from the end of the War of 1812 by tightening public credit. As a result, the economy collapsed. The West was especially hard-hit as the government foreclosed on farms and debtors were thrown into prison. As a result, the Bank was exceedingly unpopular in the West.

Answer 218

Passed by Virginia’s House of Burgesses (Virginia’s Colonial Government), the British government had no right to tax the people without their consent.

Answer 219

- Placed five associate justices and one Chief Justice on the Supreme Court - Established 13 District Courts – one for each state - Organized three Courts of Appeals as a layer between the District and Supreme Courts

Answer 220

With their slogan of “Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men,” Free Soilers hoped to keep the Mexican Cession free of Blacks so that whites could provide the labor force on small farms, known as homesteads, sold to them by the federal government.

Answer 221

**2.** The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

Answer 222

**2.** Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.

Answer 223

It was hoped that a Southern transcontinental railroad would be built through the area. Named for the diplomat who negotiated the treaty, the Gadsden Purchase comprised much of southern Arizona and part of southern New Mexico.

Answer 224

**2.** France as an imperial power disappeared from North America.

Answer 225

Thoreau contended that individuals have a duty to disobey when the government enacts laws that violate one’s conscience. ## Footnote Thoreau was primarily motivated by the injustice of slavery and his own opposition to the Mexican-American War. Civil Disobedience influenced figures such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Answer 226

While men were fighting, women both North and South had to manage farms and plantations, and many women took positions in the factories churning out war materials. Although women abandoned the factory jobs and gladly accepted the return of men to help on the farm, their wartime sacrifices increased calls for equal rights for women.

Answer 227

With a strong presence in New York City and the Border States, the American Party, commonly known as the Know-Nothings, was a nativist party, with membership limited to Protestants of British-American ancestry. The Know-Nothings sought to bar further immigration. The nickname “Know-Nothing” came from the party’s secrecy; members were ordered to respond “I know nothing” when questioned about party activities.

Answer 228

**4.** Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Answer 229

**2.** The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

Answer 230

**1.** It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.

Answer 231

**2.** Transcendentalism

Answer 232

Throughout his first term, Madison had done his best to stay neutral in the decades-long conflict between France and Britain. Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to Madison’s request that Congress declare war. Ironically, after war was declared, Madison received word that the British had agreed to stop their blockade.

Answer 233

To revise the Articles of Confederation. ## Footnote *The Constitutional Convention’s initial purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation. A group of strong nationalists, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, convinced the Convention to draft an entirely new governing document.* *George Washington presided over the meeting since he was widely respected throughout the 13 colonies.*

Answer 234

**3.** Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

Answer 235

Greenbacks were paper currency, issued by the North during the Civil War. Unlike most currency, Greenbacks were not directly convertible into gold. During the Civil War, prices in the North rose 80%, attributable, in part, to Greenbacks.

Answer 236

**1.** Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

Answer 237

**2.** States' rights

Answer 238

Changes in many states’ electoral laws had removed the rule that a voter must own land in order to vote. Thousands of newly enfranchised white male voters flocked to the polls, many of them supporting Andrew Jackson.

Answer 239

The Riots broke out in July 1863, and had a number of causes, including fear among Irish immigrants that if drafted, their jobs would go to Blacks and be unavailable after the War, as well as anger that payment of $300, a large amount in 1863, enabled one to avoid the draft. Blacks and wealthy whites were attacked, and several homes were burned. By the time the Riot ended with the arrival of federal troops, 117 people had died.

Answer 240

Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that started in the early 1800s but peaked in interest during the 1830s and 1840s. People who were followers of this movement criticized organized religion, industrial society, slavery, and the subjugation of women. ## Footnote Transcendentalists argued that when individual people were self-reliant, they could be at their best, and ideal communities could be formed from such self-reliant people. Brooks Farm was one attempt at creating a type of transcendentalist community “utopia”.

Answer 241

1. Railroads: New York marked the terminus of many Western railroads, which meant that agricultural products were shipped to New York and New York shipped finished goods to the Midwest 2. Banking: New York banks proved adept at lending capital to distant farmers, in both the West and South 3. Shipping: New York became the largest harbor in the United States, and transported Western agricultural products and finished goods overseas

Answer 242

The conspiracy was an attempt to completely disable the Union government and targeted Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. The man charged with attacking Johnson spent the evening drinking and never attempted his task. Seward was stabbed, but narrowly survived.

Answer 243

South Carolina told the US government that it didn’t have to follow federal law anymore, specifically, the Tariff of Abominations. ## Footnote By doing this, South Carolina was, in effect, “nullifying” the law/tariff. According to the John Marshall Supreme Court, Federal power had always been favored over State power. So when South Carolina was still unwilling to follow the law, it caused a crisis since a state was being disloyal to the union by refusing to follow the federal law, which had already been upheld by the Supreme Court.

Answer 244

**1.** Indian Removal Act

Answer 245

Delegates from the 13 colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia and: - Asked for relief from the Intolerable acts. - Passed the Suffolk Resolves. - Which called for more local militias and increased boycott of British goods.

Answer 246

Jefferson felt that a strong central government would be detrimental to the rights of the states. Jefferson argued that Congress’ powers were specifically limited to those which were enumerated in the Constitution.

Answer 247

The First Confiscation Act allowed U.S. forces to confiscate the property of those engaged in rebellion against the Union. The Second Confiscation Act freed slaves of persons engaged in active rebellion against the Union ## Footnote The confiscated property included enslaved people, since that’s what they were under American law, who were deemed contraband-of-war, or “contrabands” for short. As the Union Army moved into the South, the contrabands fleed for the freedom of Union Army camps, many of them picking up guns, putting on uniforms, and fighting for the Union.

Answer 248

**4.** They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.

Answer 249

- Purchase land - Don’t occupy it themselves - Sell it to other people when the value of their land goes up This is still common practice today. Back in the 1830s, just like today, in order to be a land speculator, you needed significant capital. And if you don’t have the necessary capital, you need to go to a bank and get a loan; enter ***finance capitalism***

Answer 250

**4.** The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Answer 251

Upstate New York saw large numbers of revival meetings, where ministers such as Charles G. Finney converted so many people that the area was lit with the “fire of religious devotion”. Upstate New York also saw the birth of new Christian sects including Seventh Day Adventism and Mormonism.

Answer 252

The Second Bank of the United States ## Footnote Jackson felt that the Bank was unconstitutional, and only served the wealthy. Jackson declared war on the Bank, and on its President, Nicholas Biddle. It did not help the Bank’s public image that Biddle was arrogant and unpopular.

Answer 253

The Emancipation Proclamation freed no enslaved people in the Union-controlled states, as it applied solely to those areas in rebellion against the Union. Tens of thousands of enslaved people, as a result of this proclamation, were liberated. As the war continued, this executive order by Lincoln meant that the more land came under Union control, the more enslaved people would be freed.

Answer 254

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi ## Footnote Davis was a former Senator, Secretary of War, and Mexican-American War soldier.

Answer 255

**2.** The creation of the state of Maine

Answer 256

The Mexican government had neither the troops nor funds to protect the state from raids by the Comanche Indian Tribe. Mexico hoped that a strong group of settlers along the northern frontier would protect the state. ## Footnote The response was overwhelming. By 1830, Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans by 3 to 1. Many Americans arrived from the South and brought their enslaved people with them.

Answer 257

In the 1820s, factories had primarily been used for the textile industry, while other professions, such as shoemaking and clothesmaking, had been done by artisans at home. By the 1850s, most artisans had been shunted aside and factories mass-produced goods, ranging from boots to firearms, with the use of unskilled labor. Factories were able to expand due to the rapid influx of cheap labor, mainly Irish and German immigrants.

Answer 258

New farming implements (and larger farms in the American West) meant that for the first time, farmers were able to produce surplus goods, beyond merely what they needed to sustain themselves and their families. These surplus goods were shipped to the new urban centers that were springing up along canals and railroads.

Answer 259

1. Lack of manpower: the South fielded significantly fewer troops than the North. 2. Lack of industry: an agrarian economy at the outset of the War, the South lacked an industrial base, and was chronically short of arms and ammunition. 3. Lack of a navy: although large numbers of U.S. Army officers joined the Confederacy, the U.S. Navy drew from New England, and remained loyal.

Answer 260

**2.** diplomatic negotiation

Answer 261

**2.** The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Answer 262

One of two major pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance: 1. Set rules for creating new states; 2. Banned slavery in the new states of the Northwest; 3. Provided for limited self-government in territories not yet made states

Answer 263

Local banks, rather than the Second Bank of the United States. Following his reelection in 1832, Jackson had withdrawn the United States’ funds from the Bank of the United States, and deposited them in pet banks.

Answer 264

Between 1831-1836, William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists sent anti-slavery petitions to Congress. Rather than hear the petitions, in 1836 Congress voted to table any anti-slavery petition without debate, known as a gag rule. From 1836 until the gag rule was repealed in 1844, Congress repeatedly debated whether to keep the gag rule in place.

Answer 265

**2.** Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.

Answer 266

Held that women were the moral leaders of the home, and that it was a woman’s role to ensure children were raised to follow democratic principles and to provide a quiet and relaxing environment for their husbands, separate from the sphere of industry.