20-23 Review Flashcards

Question

How did President Theodore Roosevelt respond to Colombia’s refusal to allow the United States to build a canal across the Panamanian isthmus in 1903?

Answer 1

Ordered the Navy to blockade the Colombian coast, and recognized a band of Columbian rebels as the newly independent nation of Panama. A treaty was then negotiated between the new nation and the United States, which gave America the right to build the Panama Canal.

Answer 2

In the words of Calvin Coolidge, “the business of America is business.” Republicans adopted pro-business policies and preached limited government intervention in the economy. They wanted to cut taxes, especially for the wealthy, and especially for American businesses. Republicans during the 1920s wanted to remove as much regulation as legally possible.

Answer 3

One of Taft’s early actions was to attempt to break up U.S. Steel, which Roosevelt had considered a good trust. In addition, Taft fired Roosevelt’s chosen head of the Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot, which angered Roosevelt.

Answer 4

Fueled by nativist and fundamentalist sentiments, the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s developed a significant following in the Midwest. Rather than being directed solely at blacks, the Klan also espoused nativist ideology against Catholics and Jews. For the first time, women also played a large role in the Klan, and Women of the Ku Klux Klan (WKKK) auxiliaries existed in every state.

Answer 5

Women were still primarily homemakers during the 1920s, though new household goods such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners helped alleviate some household chores. In urban areas, young, single women, commonly called Flappers, began challenging traditional ideas about marriage, family, work, and sexual mores.

Answer 6

The United States government established various War Agencies to manage the economy and prepare U.S. industry and agriculture for the increased demands of military production.

Answer 7

Wilson advocated his Fourteen Points, which included such principles as self-determination for the various nationalities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the establishment of the League of Nations, and limits on the size of individual nations’ armies and navies. Wilson justified the War as “Making the World Safe for Democracy.”

Answer 8

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Answer 9

Pancho Villa Villa, who was leading a revolt against the Mexican government, had attacked Columbus, New Mexico, and Pershing, and troops were sent to track him down. Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Pershing was recalled and sent to France as the head of the American Expeditionary Forces.

Answer 10

Alcohol use skyrocketed, and it was fashionable to drink in speakeasies or purchase alcohol from bootleggers who either brewed liquor themselves or imported it from Canada. As bootlegging grew into a lucrative profession, it was taken over by gangsters, such as Al Capone and Lucky Luciano, who thrived in the illegal climate.

Answer 11

Many of the new products coming off the assembly lines such as washing machines, refrigerators, and vacuums were powered by electricity. Access to electricity meant that consumers bought these products in large quantities. In urban areas, increased access to electricity was even more dramatic; 84.8% of urban residences had access to electricity by 1930.

Answer 12

Smith, nicknamed The Happy Warrior by Franklin Roosevelt, was an Irish Roman Catholic, the first Catholic to run for the Presidency on a major party ticket. He was also a wet, committed to ending Prohibition. Smith lost the 1928 campaign, in part because of anti-Catholic sentiment.

Answer 13

Already slowed by the 1929 Stock Market Crash, the increased tariff led to retaliation by foreign countries, which raised their own tariffs. As a consequence, U.S. exports dropped by 66%, devastating the U.S. economy.

Answer 14

The Moratorium prompted a number of bank defaults in Europe and the United States, as customers withdrew their funds. Designed to stave off a depression in Europe, the Moratorium had only a negligible effect on the world economy.

Answer 15

The Emergency Relief Act was the first ever federal relief act, which released funds for public works projects (such as highways and building projects) throughout the country. The Emergency Relief Act was expanded by President Roosevelt as part of his New Deal line of programs.

Answer 16

Roosevelt sharply critiqued Hoover’s deficit spending, contending that government extravagance had led to the worsening Depression. Roosevelt promised to streamline the government, cut government expenditures by 25%, and balance the budget. In addition, Roosevelt supported repealing Prohibition, hoping that grain purchases by brewers and distillers would raise crop prices. Roosevelt sharply critiqued Hoover’s deficit spending, contending that government extravagance had led to the worsening Depression. Roosevelt promised to streamline the government, cut government expenditures by 25%, and balance the budget. In addition, Roosevelt supported repealing Prohibition, hoping that grain purchases by brewers and distillers would raise crop prices.

Answer 17

Wilson called his foreign policy “Moral Diplomacy.” With William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State, Wilson granted full territorial status and male suffrage to the Philippines, and guaranteed independence once a stable government was established. Wilson also gave U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and allowed the territory limited self-government.

Answer 18

Similar to Roosevelt, Wilson proposed to target corruption and limit big business. Wilson assailed the “triple wall of privilege” – trusts, banks, and tariffs. With Republicans split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson became only the second Democratic President since the Civil War.

Answer 19

During the 1920s, oil development experienced an exponential increase. Although many homes continued to be heated with coal, electricity from oil powered the factories, and gasoline powered the increased number of automobiles. Much of the oil came from the United States, which produced more oil than the rest of the world combined during the 1920s.

Answer 20

a system of credit, whereby a good is purchased for a fixed amount of payments spread over an extended period. Many of the new products being manufactured in the 1920s were purchased on installment plans.

Answer 21

Jamaican immigrant who became one of the most influential African American leaders. He created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in the 1920s to further black pride and to promote black separatism and a return to Africa. Garvey founded a shipping line known as the Black Star Line, to transport goods and settlers back to Africa.

Answer 22

Birth control was illegal in most states, and Margaret Sanger was an advocate for ending restrictions on access to it. Sanger was a eugenicist, who believed that access to birth control was essential to reduce reproduction by those considered unfit.

Answer 23

Unlike Washington, who contended that equal political and social rights would follow economic equality, Du Bois contended that economic independence would result only if political and social equality were secured.

Answer 24

Socialist Party

Answer 25

the policy of protecting the interests of “natives,” or the established inhabitants of a country against outsiders or immigrants. Nativists feared that new immigrants would compete for jobs.

Answer 26

The principle by which a country favors neither side in a conflict. At the outbreak of World War I, the U.S. declared it was officially neutral.

Answer 27

Popularized during the Harlem Renaissance, the term “New Negro” implied a refusal to submit to racial segregation and an advocacy of black dignity and equality. The term arose out of the self-confidence and pride of blacks gained during the Great Migration and service during World War I.

Answer 28

“Black Thursday” Several leading bankers stabilized the market on Friday, October 25, but the sell-off resumed on Monday, October 28, when the market collapsed 13%, a day known as “Black Monday.”

Answer 29

An open shop is a labor system in which jobs are not restricted solely to union members.

Answer 30

a fear that Communists, Socialists, Anarchists, and labor agitators were plotting to take over the government and major industries. The Red Scare resulted in the Palmer Raids in 1919, during which U.S. government forces arrested several leading Communists and Socialists.

Answer 31

Republican politician from Wisconsin, who served as the leader of the Progressive wing of the Republican party after Theodore Roosevelt’s death in 1919. La Follette ran for President in 1924 on the Progressive Party ticket, denouncing the influence of corporations in government. He garnered 17% of the national vote.

Answer 32

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants and Anarchists who were arrested, tried and convicted for the murder of a payroll clerk in 1927. Many believed that Sacco and Vanzetti were innocent and the case generated public protest. Even today, many historians contend that the men’s conviction resulted from anti-immigrant sentiment rather than an impartial jury verdict.

Answer 33

Between 1922-1923, President Harding’s Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted bribes to grant oil leases on federal lands at Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

Answer 34

The Harlem Renaissance Harlem Renaissance artists and intellectuals expressed both African American pride and the pain of racism in their artistic, literary, and musical works. The Harlem Renaissance included prominent artists like musicians Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, writers such as James Weldon Johnson, and poets such as Langston Hughes.

Answer 35

The secret ballot. As part of the Progressive Movement, the use of the Australian Ballot marked a significant reform as a means of preventing voter intimidation.

Answer 36

In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had agreed to pay reparations, but by the early 1920s was suffering from a severe recession in consequence of the Allies’ occupation of the Ruhr Valley, Germany’s industrial heartland. Under the Dawes Plan, the U.S. government lent money to Germany to pay reparations to Britain and France. The Dawes Plan would tie most of Western Europe to the fate of the American economy, to significant effect during the Great Depression.

Answer 37

Enacted under pressure from nativists, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which limited immigration to three percent of the number of persons from a given nation counted in the 1910 census. Immigration of Catholics and Jews from Southern and Eastern Europe (deemed “undesirables” by nativists) was sharply curtailed.

Answer 38

During the pre-crash boom, many speculators had purchased stocks on margin. As the stock market began to fall, brokers were forced to sell off the stocks purchased for their customers on margin. This created a snowball effect; as stocks continued to fall, more speculators were sold out.

Answer 39

Between 1900 and 1920, over a million blacks left the South and migrated to Northern cities, fleeing racial persecution and seeking jobs in Northern factories.

Answer 40

In 1907, President Roosevelt sent two squadrons of American naval vessels on a tour around the world, to demonstrate America’s growing naval power. During peacetime, America’s steel ships were typically painted white, hence the name “Great White Fleet.”

Answer 41

Coined by Gertrude Stein, the Lost Generation was a term used for that generation that came of age during World War I. After the War, many of the Lost Generation became disillusioned with life, and demonstrated a lack of cultural or emotional stability. Writers such as Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway gave voice to cynicism felt by the Lost Generation after the War.

Answer 42

Conditioned the withdrawal of American forces and Cuban independence on Cuba’s agreement to allow American supervision over foreign policy afterthe Spanish American War

Answer 43

Mobilization

Answer 44

Established in 1932, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was one of Herbert Hoover’s attempts to aid the ailing U.S. economy. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments, railroad companies, banks, and other businesses. The Corporation was a model for several of the New Deal agencies.

Answer 45

During the late 19th century, countries that defaulted on debts to European creditors were often occupied by the creditors’ governments. In his Corollary, Roosevelt announced that European nations would not be allowed to occupy Western countries, but that the United States would occupy those countries’ major ports until the debts were repaid. Under the Roosevelt Corollary, the United States occupied ports in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.

Answer 46

In the Scopes Monkey Trial, John Scopes was on trial for teaching evolution, which was illegal under Tennessee law. The trial pitted legendary lawyer Clarence Darrow against William Jennings Bryan, who represented the prosecution. The trial quickly gained nationwide attention as a battle between modernists and fundamentalists. Scopes lost the trial and was fined $100, but his conviction was overturned on a technicality.

Answer 47

Congress used a lottery system to ensure that all segments of the population were democratically drafted into the Army.

Answer 48

As part of the reforms of the Progressive Era, the Seventeenth Amendment established the direct election of Senators, and was passed in 1913. Prior to its passage, Senators were nominated by state legislatures, which Progressives (and the Populists before them) believed was a process influenced by corruption.

Answer 49

Kellogg-Briand The signatories of the Pact, including the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and dozens of other nations, pledged not to use war to resolve disputes with other nations, and pledged collective action to intervene against aggressor nations.

Answer 50

Over the course of 18 hours in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, a Black-owned area, white mobs rampaged through the town, shooting men, women, and children at point-blank range. In addition to the massacres, white mobs burned buildings down to destroy evidence that countered their white supremacist ideology and white superiority.

Answer 51

They were known as “drys.” Their opponents, on the other hand, were known as “wets.” The drys won their war in 1919, when Prohibition was formally established nationwide by a Constitutional Amendment.

Answer 52

During mobilization for World War One, Blacks headed North to replace white factory workers who were serving in the Army. Upon the soldiers’ return, many white workers were resentful that Black people, whom they viewed as inferior, had taken their jobs. This racial tension led to the deaths of thousands of Black Americans throughout 1920 and 1921.

Answer 53

Calling his program “New Nationalism,” Roosevelt proposed full suffrage for women, increased government regulation of business, and the creation of a modest social welfare program.

Answer 54

Union membership declined. Most factory owners continued to have an open-shop policy. Further, many factories offered workers better wages, benefits, and working conditions than in previous eras, removing the impetus for workers to join unions in the first place. Anti-union efforts were also favored by the courts, who issued injunctions in the event of strikes, which brought them to an end without negotiations.

Answer 55

When an investor buys on margin, the investor puts up a portion of the price for a stock and a broker advances the rest of the money. The wide availability of margin credit fueled an environment of stock market speculation, and stock prices skyrocketed throughout 1928 and 1929.

Answer 56

Jazz Jazz came to symbolize the dominant free-flowing spirit of the period, so much so that the 1920s is often called “The Jazz Age.” With roots in the Southern black experience, jazz became widespread through the use of radios and phonographs.

Answer 57

Speak softly, and carry a big stick

Answer 58

Farming Farm prices and the value of agricultural goods had plummeted at the end of World War I, and continued to be depressed throughout the 1920s (and into the 1930s). Farmers had difficulties paying back their loans, and over 6,000 rural banks closed during the period.

Answer 59

The Treaty of Versailles Dictated by the Big Four Powers, the Treaty issued crushing terms on Germany, designed to impair Germany’s ability to wage war.

Answer 60

The two main issues of contention were arms reduction and competition in Asia. Representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, China, Portugal, the United States, and the Netherlands attended. The Conference resulted in three treaties: the Five Power Treaty, the Four Power Treaty, and the Nine Power Treaty.

Answer 61

By 1929, half of all American families had automobiles, and its impact was widespread. Suburbanization rose, as people took advantage of increased mobility to move to more bucolic areas. As they became more reliable, automobiles became an integral part of the vacation experience, as Americans took their first “road trips.” Even romance changed, as dates in cars replaced courting in the family living room.

Answer 62

Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war when Germany reinstituted unrestricted submarine warfare; Germany vowed to sink every ship in the waters around Great Britain. This violated the principle of freedom of the seas.

Answer 63

The League of Nations was designed to provide an international assembly where nations could work out their differences without resorting to war.

Answer 64

Many Republicans (and some Democrats) viewed the League of Nations as dangerous because it impeded the United States’ freedom of action and violated the Monroe Doctrine.

Answer 65

Unlike most previous administrations, which had been pro-business, Roosevelt vowed to offer a Square Deal to both business and labor. During a coal strike in 1902, Roosevelt forced arbitration on both sides, giving the United Mine Workers a 10% wage increase and a 9-hour day, but allowing the mine owners to avoid recognizing the unions.

Answer 66

“He kept us out of the War.” Wilson’s campaign reaffirmed his commitment to neutrality, although at his request, Congress had already expanded the Navy and increased the size of the Army.

Answer 67

The Espionage Act, passed in 1917, made it a felony to impede the draft.

Answer 68

The Sedition Act

Answer 69

Prior to the Progressive Era reforms, utilities formed a reliable source of jobs and funds for city bosses. By taking control of these formerly private companies, Progressives started to break the power of city bosses.

Answer 70

Under Wilson, Congress established the Federal Reserve System in 1913. The Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort, lending money to banks in the event of a bank run, provided the bank is still solvent. With this role, the Federal Reserve can exercise a supervisory role over banks.