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cell bio exam 2 > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotrophs

A

Capture energy and build organic molecules through photosynthesis

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Use pre-formed organic molecules for both energy and to build new organic molecules

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3
Q

What is it that all organisms use to extract energy from organic molecules?

A

Cellular respiration

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4
Q

What types of reactions are involved in cellular respiration?

A

Redox and dehydrogenations

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5
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Electron transfers accompanied by proton transfers

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6
Q

What type of atom is transferred in cellular respiration?

A

Hydrogen

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7
Q

NAD+ has a positive charge, so…

A

It attracts an electron, which makes it an electron carrier

But then it attracts a proton, which leads to a proton gradient (I think)

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8
Q

How does NAD+ become NADH

A

It accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton

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9
Q

The “goal” of respiration is

A

To generate ATP

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10
Q

What’s the movement of electrons during respiration?

A

They’re shuttled via electron carriers (transport chains) to a final electron acceptor

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11
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Final acceptor is oxygen

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12
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Final acceptor is an inorganic molecule (but not oxygen)

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13
Q

Fermentation

A

Final acceptor is an organic molecule

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14
Q

Proton gradient (which he said was important but didn’t bother to define in the slides)

A

A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane
The driving force behind ATP synthesis
Product of the electron transport chain

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15
Q

Chemical formula for aerobic respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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16
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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17
Q

What’s the first step of aerobic respiration and how many ATP are produced?

A

Glycolysis

4 ATP are produced but we used 2 ATP in the process so there’s a net gain of 2 ATP

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18
Q

What is the second step of aerobic respiration and what is produced?

A

1 ATP molecule and 3 molecules of CO2

Most importantly it yields several molecules of NADH and FADH2

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19
Q

Why is the Krebs cycle repeated

A

Bc only 1 pyruvate is needed for the cycle and 2 were produced during glycolysis
This means you get 6 CO2 and 2 ATP from this step total

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20
Q

What is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration? What is produced?

A

Electron transport chain

32-34 ATP

21
Q

Three reactants and three products of glycosis?

A

R: one glucose, NAD+, 2 ATP
P: 2 pyruvate, NADH, 4 ATP

22
Q

Three reactants and products of the electron transport chain?

A

R: NADH, FADH2, O2
P: 1 NAD+, H2O, 32-34 ATP

23
Q

Two steps to anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis and fermentation

24
Q

Fermentation (in anaerobic respiration)

A

Starts with private and ferments it into ethanol or lactate. Releases CO2 only (no ATP)

25
Q

Electron energy is used to make ATP from…

A

ADP and Pi

26
Q

What are the two ways cells make ATP from ADP and Pi?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

Transferring a phosphate directly from another molecule to ADP

28
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Use of ATP synthase enzyme and energy derived from proton gradient to make ATP
AKA chemiosmosis

29
Q

Four stages of the oxidation of glucose

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

30
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

The fate of pyruvate depends on

A

O2 availability

32
Q

Three products of pyruvate oxidation

A

1 CO2
1 NADH
1 acetyl-CoA

33
Q

Where is the electron transport chain

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

34
Q

When electrons are transferred some electron energy is lost. What happens to this energy?

A

It is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane space, establishing a proton gradient

35
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space drives protons from that space into the matrix via diffusion

36
Q

Even tho some protons diffuse through but the membrane, most move to the matrix through…

A

The ATP synthase enzyme

37
Q

ATP synthase enzyme

A

A membrane bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi

38
Q

What is the theoretical energy yield of respiration

A

38 ATP per glucose for bacteria

and 36 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes

39
Q

What is the actual energy yield of respiration

A

30 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes

40
Q

Why is the actual yield less than the theoretical yield?

A

Leaky inner membrane and and use of the proton gradient for purposes other than the ATP synthesis

41
Q

What do anaerobic methanogens use to reduce CO2 to CH4 (methane)?

A

NADH

42
Q

What do anaerobic sulfur bacteria use to reduce inorganic sulphate to hydrogen sulfide?

A

NADH

43
Q

What do amino acids under go to remove amino groups?

A

Deamination

44
Q

What are fats broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

45
Q

How are fatty acids converted into acetyl groups?

A

Beta-oxidation

46
Q

ATP and citrate both allosterically inhibit…?

A

Phosphofructokinase

47
Q

NADH inhibits…

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

48
Q

ATP inhibits…

A

Citrate synthetase

49
Q

Six steps of the evolution of metabolism

A 
Ability to store chemical energy in ATP
evolution of glycolysis 
Anaerobic photosynthesis 
Use of water in photosynthesis 
Evolution of nitrogen fixation 
Aerobic respiration

cell bio exam 2 (6 decks)

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