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cell bio exam 2 > cell bio ch 6 > Flashcards

cell bio ch 6 Flashcards

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0
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

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1
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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2
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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3
Q

Most forms of energy can be converted into…

A

Heat energy

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4
Q

Heat energy is measured in…?

A

Calories

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5
Q

Calorie

A

Heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree C

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6
Q

1 kilocalorie

A

1000 calories and 1 food Calorie

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7
Q

Light energy is converted into

A

Chemical energy

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8
Q

Chemical energy is converted into

A

Kinetic energy

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9
Q

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of

A

Electrons

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10
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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11
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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12
Q

Redox reactions

A

Coupled to each other (in the reaction one component loses the electron while the other one gains [A + B = A+ + B-])

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13
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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14
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Without external energy input, all systems become more disorderly over time

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15
Q

Without an external energy source all closed systems increase in

A

Entropy

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16
Q

Free energy

A

Energy available to do work

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17
Q

Symbol for free energy

A

G

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18
Q

Enthalpy

A

Energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds

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19
Q

Equation for free energy

A

Free energy = enthalpy - (temp x entropy)

G = H - TS

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20
Q

Chemical reactions can create changes in free energy

A

(Delta) G = (delta) H - T (delta)S

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21
Q

When products contain more free energy than reactants…

A

(delta)G is positive

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22
Q

When reactants contain more free energy than products

A

(delta)G is negative

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23
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Requires the input of energy

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24
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

A reaction that releases energy

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25
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started by destabilizing existing chemical bonds

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26
Q

Catalysts

A

Substances that lower the activation energy

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27
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

The energy “currency” of cells

28
Q

ATP structure

A

Ribose, adenine, and three phosphates

29
Q

Ribose

A

A 5-C sugar

30
Q

Adenine

A

A nucleotide

31
Q

Where does ATP store its energy?

A

Phosphate bonds

32
Q

Phosphates are electronegative, so… (3 things)

A

They repel each other

Lots of energy is required to keep them bound together

And much energy is released when the bonds are broken

33
Q

When the bond between phosphates is broken by hydrolysis…

A

Energy is released

34
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate

35
Q

Pi

A

Inorganic phosphate

36
Q

Equation for broken phosphate bonds

A

ATP –> ADP + Pi

37
Q

Energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed

A

Can fuel endergonic reactions

38
Q

Energy released from exergonic reactions can be used

A

To produce ATP from ADP + Pi

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Molecules that catalyze biological reactions

40
Q

Nearly all enzymes are

A

Proteins

41
Q

Enzymes

A

Lower the activation energy required for a reaction and are not permanently changed or consumed by the reactions

42
Q

Substrates

A

Molecules that will undergo a reaction

43
Q

Active site

A

Region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

44
Q

Induced fit

A

Enzyme substrate binding causes the enzyme to change shape to produce a better fit

45
Q

Certain reactions involving RNA molecules are catalyze by…

A

The RNA itself

46
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA with enzymatic abilities

47
Q

Enzyme function is affected by

A

It’s environment

48
Q

Factors that can change an enzyme’s 3D shape can also

A

Change its function

49
Q

Factors that can change an enzymes shape include: (4)

A

pH
Temp
Regulatory molecules (co-enzymes or co-factors)

50
Q

How does temp affect enzyme activity?

A

Enzyme activity increases as temp increases until optimum temperature

51
Q

What happens when temp gets too high above optimum for an enzyme?

A

It can denature the enzyme and destroy its function

52
Q

What are the preferred pH values for enzymes?

A

6-8

53
Q

Inhibitors

A

Molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity

54
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Compete with the substrate for binding to the active site

55
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

Bind to sites other than the enzymes active site

56
Q

Example of a noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Allosteric inhibitor

57
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Exist in either an active or inactive state and possess an allosteric site where molecules other than the substrate bind

58
Q

Allosteric inhibitors

A

Bind to the allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme

59
Q

Allosteric activators

A

Bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzyme

60
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions in an organism

61
Q

Anabolism

A

Endergonic reactions use energy to make chemical bonds

62
Q

Catabolism

A

Exergonic reactions break bonds and energy is released

63
Q

Some enzymes require additional molecules for proper activity. These molecules may be:

A

Co-factors or co-enzymes

64
Q

Co-factors

A

Usually metal ions found in the active site

65
Q

Co-enzymes

A

Nonprotein organic molecules often used as an electron donor or receptor in a redox reaction

66
Q

Biochemical pathways

A

Are a series of reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction

67
Q

Multienzyme complexes in membranes (3)

A

The product of one reaction is directly delivered to the next enzyme
Unwanted side reactions are reduced
Reactions can be regulated as a unit

68
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

In which the end product of the pathway is an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the pathway

cell bio exam 2 (6 decks)

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