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Survey of the United States Constitution and Government- C181 > Ch 7-10 Definitions > Flashcards

Ch 7-10 Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Political Participation

A

Actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence our support government and politics

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2
Q

Conventional Participation

A

Relatively routine political behavior that uses established institutions of representative government, especially campaigning in voting in elections

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3
Q

Unconventional Participation

A

Relatively uncommon behavior that challenges/defies established institutions or dominant culture. Personally stressful to the participants and their opponents

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4
Q

Terrorism

A

Pre-meditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents

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5
Q

Direct Action

A

Unconventional participation that involves assembling crowds to confront businesses and local government to demand a hearing

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6
Q

Supportive Behavior

A

Action that expresses allegiance to government and country

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7
Q

Influencing Behavior

A

Behavior that seeks to modify or reserve a government policy to serve political interests

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8
Q

Class Action Suit

A

A legal action brought by a person in our group on behalf of a number of people in similar circumstances

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9
Q

Voter Turnout

A

The percentage of eligible citizens who actually vote in a given election

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10
Q

Suffrage

A

The right to vote, also known as the franchise

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11
Q

Progressivism

A

A philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions

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12
Q

Direct Primary

A

A preliminary election, run by the state government, in which the voters choose each party’s candidate for the general election

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13
Q

Recall

A

The process for removing an elected official from office

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14
Q

Referendum

A

Direct vote by the people on either a proposed law or amendment to a state constitution

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15
Q

Initiative

A

A procedure by which the people can propose a measure to be decided by the legislature or by the people in a referendum. Requires a specified number of signatures and submission of a petition to a designated agency

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16
Q

Standard Socioeconomic Model

A

A relationship between socioeconomic status and conventional political involvement: people with higher status and education are more likely to participate

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17
Q

Political Parties

A

An organization that sponsors candidates for office under the organizations name

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18
Q

Nomination

A

Designation as an official candidate of a political party

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19
Q

Political System

A

A set of interrelated institutions that links people with government

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20
Q

Electoral College

A

A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and Vice President. Total of 538; One for each state senator (100), one for each state representative (435), and three for the District of Columbia

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21
Q

Caucuses

A

A closed meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions of policy and the selection of candidates for office

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22
Q

National Convention

A

A gathering of delegates of a single political party from across the country to choose candidates for president and vice president and to adopt a party platform

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23
Q

Party Platform

A

The statement of policies of a national political party

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24
Q

Critical Election

A

An election that produces a sharp change in the existing pattern of party loyalties among groups of voters

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25
Q

Two-party System

A

A political system in which two major political parties compete for control of the government. Candidates from a third-party have a little chance of winning office

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26
Q

Party Identification

A

Refers to the political party with which an individual identifies with psychologically. Voting is a behavior, identification is a state of mind

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27
Q

Electoral Dealignment

A

A lessening of the importance of party loyalty is in voting decisions

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28
Q

Majority Representation

A

The system by which one office contested by two or more candidates, is won by the single candidate who collects the most votes

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29
Q

Proportional Representation

A

A system by which legislative seats are awarded to a party in proportion to the vote that party wins in an election

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30
Q

National Committee

A

Committee of a political party composed of party chair persons and party officials from every state

31
Q

Party Conferences

A

A meeting to select party leaders and decide committee assignments, held at the beginning of a session of Congress by Republicans or Democrats and each chamber

32
Q

Congressional Campaign Committees

A

An organization maintained by a political party to raise funds to support its own candidates in congressional elections

33
Q

Party Machine

A

A centralized party organization that dominates local politics by controlling elections

34
Q

Responsible Party Government

A

A set of principles formalizing of the ideal role of parties in a majoritarian democracy:
• parties should represent clear and coherent programs to voters
• voters should choose candidates on the basis of party programs
• The winning party you should carry out its program once in office
• voters should hold the governing party responsible after the next election for executing it’s program

35
Q

Election Campaign

A

An organized effort to persuade voters to choose one candidate over others competing for the same office

36
Q

Primary Election

A

Preliminary election conducted within a political party to select candidates who will run for public office in a subsequent election

37
Q

Closed Primaries

A

Primary elections in which voters must declare their party affiliation before they are given the primary ballot containing that party’s potential nominees

38
Q

Open Primaries

A

Primary elections in which voters need not declare their party affiliation and can choose one party’s primary ballot to take into the voting booth

39
Q

Modified Closed Primaries

A

Political elections that allow individual state parties to decide whether they permit independents toto vote in their primaries and for which offices

40
Q

Modified Open Primaries

A

Political elections that entitle independent voters to vote in a party’s primary

41
Q

Presidential Primary

A

A special primary election used to select delegates to attend the party’s national convention, which in turn nominates the presidential candidate

42
Q

Caucus/Convention

A

A method used to select delegates to attend a party’s national convention. Generally a local meeting select delegates for a county level meeting, which in turn select delegates for a higher level meeting: the process culminates in a state convention that actually selects the national convention delegates

43
Q

Front – loading

A

States practice of moving delegate selection primaries and caucuses earlier in the calendar year to gain media and candidate attention

44
Q

General Election

A

A national election held by law in November of every even numbered year

45
Q

Plurality Vote

A

Describes the circumstance when a candidate or proposition polls more votes than any other, but does not receive a majority

46
Q

Straight Ticket

A

When voting, choosing a single party’s candidates for all the offices

47
Q

Split Ticket

A

When voting, choosing candidates from different parties for different offices

48
Q

First-past-the-post Elections

A

A British term for elections conducted in single member districts that award victory to the candidate with the most votes

49
Q

Incumbent

A

The current officeholder running for reelection

50
Q

Open Election

A

An election that lacks an incumbent

51
Q

FEC Federal Election Commission

A

A bipartisan federal agency of six members that oversees the financing of national election campaigns

52
Q

501 (c) 4

A

501 (c) 4 social welfare organizations are exempt from reporting donors if they spend most of their fans on issues, not candidates

53
Q

Tax exemptions for committees

A

527 committees enjoy tax exempt status in election campaigns if they’re unaffiliated with political parties and take positions on issues, not specific candidates

54
Q

Redistricting

A

Taking census data and creating congressional districts

55
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Manipulating The redistricting process to give one party and advantage

56
Q

Proportional Representation Method

A

Candidates Who win at least 15% of the vote to by the states delegates in proportion to the percentage of their primary votes

57
Q

Winner-take-all

A

Gives all the states delegates to the candidate who wins a plurality of its vote

58
Q

Interest Group

A

An organized group of individuals who share some political goals and try to influence public policy decisions. Also known as lobbies.

59
Q

Prominent interest groups in the United States

A
  • AFL/CIO – represent labor union members
  • American Farm Bureau Federation-represent farmers
  • Business Roundtable – represents big business
  • Common Cause– represents citizens concerned with reforming government
60
Q

Lobbyists

A

Representatives of an interest group

61
Q

Interest group functions

A

Representation, participation, education, agenda building, programmer monitoring

62
Q

Agenda Building

A

Interest groups bring new issues to the political limelight through a process called agenda building, and see to it that something is done to solve them

63
Q

Program Monitoring

A

Keeping track of government program: usually done by interest groups. Makes sure programs operate as they should and push for change if they don’t. Interest groups draw attention to transgressions and file suit to stop actions they consider unlawful

64
Q

Interest Group Entrepreneur

A

An interest group organizer or leader

65
Q

Free-rider Program

A

The situation in which people benefit from the activities of an organization but do not contribute to those activities

66
Q

Trade Associations

A

An organization that represents firms with in a particular industry

67
Q

PAC Political Action Committee

A

An organization that pulls a campaign contributions from group members and donates those funds to candidates for political office

68
Q

Direct Lobbying

A

Attempts to influence a legislators vote through personal contact with the legislator

69
Q

Grassroots Lobbying

A

Lobbying activities performed by rank-and-file interest group members and would-be members

70
Q

Information Campaigns

A

An organized effort to gain public backing by bringing a group’s views to public attention

71
Q

Collation Building

A

The banding together of several interest groups for the purpose of lobbying

72
Q

Citizen Groups

A

Lobbying organizations built around policy concerns unrelated to members vocational interests

73
Q

Interest groups and pluralism

A

Interest groups are the Pluralism theory in action. Many interest groups trying to influence our elections, government and laws in their favor

Survey of the United States Constitution and Government- C181 (13 decks)

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