Ch. 63 EX: 5 & 6 Flashcards
The fetal kidneys and bladder may be seen on ultrasound by ____ weeks’ gestation.
13
At this time period, the kidneys appear as bilateral ____ structures in the paravertebral regions.
Hyperechoic
By the ____ weeks, it is possible to distinguish the renal cortex from the medulla, to ouline the renal capsule clearly, and to see a central echogenic area in the renal sinus region.
25
The upper limit of normal for the renal pelves is ____ mm up to 33 weeks’ gestation and ____ mm fromm 33 weeks’ gestation until term.
4mm, 7mm
If the bladder appears too large, it should be evaluated again at the end of the study ( assuming the examination takes at least ____ minutes) to see if normal emptying has occurred.
45 to 60 minutes
When obstruction occurs at the level of the urethra, the bladder wall becomes ____.
Hypertrophied
Dilatation of the posterior _____ is highly suggestive of an obstructive process, such as posterior urethral valve symdrome, known as the “keyhole” sighn on sonography because the dilated bladder has the shape of a keyhole superior to the obstructed urethra.
Urethra
It is possible to have unilateral renal agensis, but the contralateral kidney is usually quite ____ to compensate for the abnormality.
Large
The ____ kidney shows a large central cyst with multiple small peripheral cysts that appear as a pelviureteric junction obstruction; however, these cysts do no communicate with one another, as is seen with hydronephrosis.
Multicystic
When the kidneys appear enlarged and echogenic, the sonographer should think of infantile ____ disease (with oligohydramnios).
polycystic renal
Dilatation of the renal collection system suggests either _____ or ____.
Hydronephrosis or Reflux
Pelviureteric junction obstruction shows dilatation of the renal ____, whereas ureteric dilatation suggests either a ____ junction obstruction or reflux.
Pelvis, Vesicouireteric
When the hydronephrosis is ____ the possibility of bladder outlet obstruction should be considered.
Bilateral
A critical marker in the ssessment of renal function is ____ ____.
Amniotic Fluid
The fetal kidneys begin to excrete urine after the ____th week but do no become the major contributor of fetal urine (henice, amniotic fluid volume) until ____ to____ weeks of pregnancy.
11th, 14 to 16 weeks
It usually takes at least ____ minutes to fill and empty the fetal bladder.
30 minutes
Renal agenesis and infantile polycystic kidney disease are fetal conditions ____ with life.
Incompatible
In renal agenesis, the ____ glands may be large and may mimic the kidneys.
Adrenal
____ kidneys should be consiered when the kidneys are not in their normal retroperitoneal location.
Ectopic
____ syndrome is characterized by renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormal facies, and malformed hands and feet.
Potter’s (Harry Potter)
Infantile polycystic kidney disease (IPKD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the fetal ____ and ____.
Kidneys and Liver
In the most severe cases of IPKD, renal failure occurs with ____ and an ____ urinary bladder.
Oligohydramnios and an Absent
Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is the most common form of renal ____disease in childhood and represents one of the most common abdominal masses in the neonate.
Cystic
Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is composed of multiple, smooth-walled, nonfunctioning, ____ cysts of variable size and number.
Noncommunicating
