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BIO223 > Ch 6 Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Ch 6 Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Each bone is comprised of several tissues. That makes every bone in our body an….

A

Organ

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A 
Protection
Mineral Storage 
Acid Based Homeostasis
Blood Cell Formation
Fat Storage
Movement
Support
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3
Q

The 5 Bone Classes

A 
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
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4
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than wide

Diaphysis (the shaft)
Epiphysis ( the enlarged, rounded end)
Medullary Cavity

Most bones of arms legs hands feet fingers and toes

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5
Q

Short Bones

A

As wide as they are long (cube shaped)

Carpals and Tarsals

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6
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin and Broad

most bones of the skull and the clavicles

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7
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Do not fit into the other classes due to irregular shape

Ex: vertebrae and certain skull bones

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, relatively flat and oval shaped

Located within tendons (patella)

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9
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone part of flat, irregular & sesamoid bone where bone marrow resides

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10
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Bone marrow cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone

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11
Q

Spongy Bone

A

ie. cancellous bone

resists forces in many directions

stores bone marrow

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12
Q

Compact Bone

A

Hard, dense outer bone

resists linear compression and twisting forces

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

membrane made of Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
houses osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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14
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines all inner surfaces of bone

Help maintain Bone homeostasis

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15
Q

Skeletal Cartilages

A

Hyaline- most abundant type, articular, costal, respiatory and nasal cartilages

Elastic Cartilage-ear and epiglottis of larynx

Fibrocartilage-knees and vertebral discs

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16
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Makes up joints

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17
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Hematopoietic tissue located in certain bones that produces all of the formed elements of the blood

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18
Q

Two divisions of Skeletal System

A

Axial

Appendicular

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19
Q

Four Main Types of Bone

A

Long Bone
Short Bone
Flat Bone
Irregular Bone

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20
Q

The Major Anatomical Area of a longitudinally cut long bone

A 
Epishysis- rounded ends
Diaphysis- shaft
Periosteum-external surface of bone
Compact Bone- below periosteum
Spongy Bone-deep to compact bone
Endosteum- covers medullary cavity
Marrow- Inside medullary cavity
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21
Q

Role of Hydroxyapeptides in bone strength

A

Accounts for hardness and compression

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22
Q

Role of Organic material of matrix in bone strength

A

flexibility

tensile strength

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23
Q

Osseous tissue is also known as

A

Bone tissue

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24
Q

Inorganic matrix

A

65% of total weight of bone

Composed of minerals

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25
Q

Organic Matrix

A

Also known as Osteoid

35% of bone weight

ground substance and collagen

26
Q

Collagen

A

Predominant protein fiber in bone

Vital to resisting twisting forces

27
Q

Hydroxyapatite salt crystals

A

strength

ability to resist compression

Main ingredient in inorganic matrix

28
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone Building Cells

Cuboidal or columnar cells Found in inner part of periosteum and endosteum

Derived from osteogenic cells

29
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Create Osteoblasts

30
Q

Bone Deposition

A

Osteoblasts build up bone ECM by secreting organic matrix and aid in the formation of inorganic matrix

31
Q

Osteocytes

A

When a osteoblast becomes trapped in a lacuna by it’s secreted bone matrix

Relatively inactive

Secrete chemicals required for maintaining ECM

Recruit osteoblasts to build up bone where in is under pressure

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large multinucleated cells that derive from the fusion of cells formed in the bone marrow

Bone Resorption

33
Q

Lacuna

A

Small cavity where osteocytes are housed

34
Q

Bone resorption

A

Osteoclasts

Ruffled Border

Hydrogen ions break down the inorganic matrix
Enzymes break down Organic Matrix

35
Q

Compact bone

A

Enables bone to withstand stresses

Structure of this type of bone resembles a forest of small tightly packed trees

36
Q

Osteon

A

ie. Haversian system

each little “tree” in compact bone

regularly resorbed and rebuilt

37
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of the tree

Gives compact bone it’s strength

38
Q

Central Canal

A

Ie. Haversian canal

Hole in center of Osteon

Contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the cells of the Haversian system

39
Q

Lacunae

A

Located between the Lamellae

small cavities where osteocytes are housed

40
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny canals that link lacunae to one another

The cytoplasmic arms of each osteocyte extend through these to reach the arms of other osteocytes and connect to eachother

Allow oxygen and blood to reach every osteocyte

41
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

Lamellae between osteons which are Remnants of resorbed osteons

42
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

“rings” of Lamellae

present on inner layer of periosteum and outside spongy bone

Add strength to bone as a whole

43
Q

Trabeculae

A

“Ribs” of spongy bone

resist forces from all directions

provide protective framework for bone marrow

44
Q

Perforating canal

A

ie. Volkmann’s Canals

Central canals of neighboring osteons are connected by these types of canals

Run perpendicular to the osteons

Carry blood vessels from periosteum that merge with vessels in the central canals

45
Q

Ossification

A

ie. osteogenesis

Process of bone formation

embryonic period - about age 7

Two Types:
Intramembranous
Endochondryl

46
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Built on a model of embroyonic connective tissue

All bones of the skull, also, the clavicles

Occurs within the mesenchymal membrane

This type of ossification begins in the primary ossification membrane

47
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Built on a model of hyaline cartilage
All bones in body below the head except the clavicles

  1. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels
  2. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts
  3. Osteoblasts build a bone collar on surface of bone
  4. Chondrocytes die
  5. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early sponge bone
48
Q

Primary bone

A

Ie. woven bone

Immature bone created by intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification

49
Q

Secondary bone

A

Ie. Lamellar bone

Mature bone

50
Q

The Events of Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. in the primary ossification center-mesenchymal cells first become osteogenic cells then become osteoblasts
  2. Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix which mixes with salts from inorganic matrix and deposits into the trabeculae and calcifies. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
  3. Early Spongy bone is formed
  4. Early Compact Bone is formed
51
Q

The events of Endochondral Ossification

A

Begins in primary ossification center

  1. Chondroblasts in perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts
  2. Bone begins to ossify from the outside
    Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of bone
    Simultaneously, internal cartilage begins to calcify and chondrocytes die
  3. In the primary ossification center osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early sponge bone. The secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop
  4. As medullary cavity enlarges the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone and the epiphysis finish ossifying
52
Q

Longitudinal Growth

A

Only in long bones

Occurs from division of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate on side closest to diaphysis

53
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Composed of hyaline cartilage

Has five different zones of cells

54
Q

5 zones of the epiphyseal plate

A 
Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of proliferation ( most mitotic activity occurs here)
Zone of hypertrophy and maturation
Zone of calcification
Zone of ossification
55
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

A line left by a closed ( matured) epiphyseal plate

56
Q

Appositional Growth

A

All bones for a lifetime

Osteoblasts between the periosteum and bone surface lay down new bone

57
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Continual process of bone formation and loss

58
Q

Fracture

A

Broken bone

Simple=closed- perimeter tissues are intact
Compound= open - perimeter tissues are damaged

59
Q

Bone growth & remodeling depends on adequate intake of

A

Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin K

60
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Promotes an increase in activity of osteoCLASTS because it wants to break down bone to increase calcium levels in the blood

61
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Persists for life

62
Q

Calcitonin

A

Works opposite to parathyroid hormone

BIO223 (13 decks)

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