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BIO223 > Ch 6 Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Ch 6 Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Each bone is comprised of several tissues. That makes every bone in our body an….

A

Organ

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A 
Protection
Mineral Storage 
Acid Based Homeostasis
Blood Cell Formation
Fat Storage
Movement
Support
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3
Q

The 5 Bone Classes

A 
Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
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4
Q

Long Bones

A

Longer than wide

Diaphysis (the shaft)
Epiphysis ( the enlarged, rounded end)
Medullary Cavity

Most bones of arms legs hands feet fingers and toes

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5
Q

Short Bones

A

As wide as they are long (cube shaped)

Carpals and Tarsals

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6
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin and Broad

most bones of the skull and the clavicles

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7
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Do not fit into the other classes due to irregular shape

Ex: vertebrae and certain skull bones

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small, relatively flat and oval shaped

Located within tendons (patella)

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9
Q

Diploe

A

Spongy bone part of flat, irregular & sesamoid bone where bone marrow resides

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10
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Bone marrow cavity in the diaphysis of a long bone

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11
Q

Spongy Bone

A

ie. cancellous bone

resists forces in many directions

stores bone marrow

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12
Q

Compact Bone

A

Hard, dense outer bone

resists linear compression and twisting forces

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13
Q

Periosteum

A

membrane made of Dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
houses osteogenic cells and osteoblasts

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14
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines all inner surfaces of bone

Help maintain Bone homeostasis

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15
Q

Skeletal Cartilages

A

Hyaline- most abundant type, articular, costal, respiatory and nasal cartilages

Elastic Cartilage-ear and epiglottis of larynx

Fibrocartilage-knees and vertebral discs

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16
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Makes up joints

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17
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

Hematopoietic tissue located in certain bones that produces all of the formed elements of the blood

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18
Q

Two divisions of Skeletal System

A

Axial

Appendicular

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19
Q

Four Main Types of Bone

A

Long Bone
Short Bone
Flat Bone
Irregular Bone

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20
Q

The Major Anatomical Area of a longitudinally cut long bone

A 
Epishysis- rounded ends
Diaphysis- shaft
Periosteum-external surface of bone
Compact Bone- below periosteum
Spongy Bone-deep to compact bone
Endosteum- covers medullary cavity
Marrow- Inside medullary cavity
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21
Q

Role of Hydroxyapeptides in bone strength

A

Accounts for hardness and compression

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22
Q

Role of Organic material of matrix in bone strength

A

flexibility

tensile strength

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23
Q

Osseous tissue is also known as

A

Bone tissue

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24
Q

Inorganic matrix

A

65% of total weight of bone

Composed of minerals

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25
Organic Matrix
Also known as Osteoid 35% of bone weight ground substance and collagen
26
Collagen
Predominant protein fiber in bone Vital to resisting twisting forces
27
Hydroxyapatite salt crystals
strength ability to resist compression Main ingredient in inorganic matrix
28
Osteoblasts
Bone Building Cells Cuboidal or columnar cells Found in inner part of periosteum and endosteum Derived from osteogenic cells
29
Osteogenic cells
Create Osteoblasts
30
Bone Deposition
Osteoblasts build up bone ECM by secreting organic matrix and aid in the formation of inorganic matrix
31
Osteocytes
When a osteoblast becomes trapped in a lacuna by it’s secreted bone matrix Relatively inactive Secrete chemicals required for maintaining ECM Recruit osteoblasts to build up bone where in is under pressure
32
Osteoclasts
Large multinucleated cells that derive from the fusion of cells formed in the bone marrow Bone Resorption
33
Lacuna
Small cavity where osteocytes are housed
34
Bone resorption
Osteoclasts Ruffled Border Hydrogen ions break down the inorganic matrix Enzymes break down Organic Matrix
35
Compact bone
Enables bone to withstand stresses Structure of this type of bone resembles a forest of small tightly packed trees
36
Osteon
ie. Haversian system each little “tree” in compact bone regularly resorbed and rebuilt
37
Lamellae
Rings of the tree Gives compact bone it’s strength
38
Central Canal
Ie. Haversian canal Hole in center of Osteon Contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the cells of the Haversian system
39
Lacunae
Located between the Lamellae small cavities where osteocytes are housed
40
Canaliculi
Tiny canals that link lacunae to one another The cytoplasmic arms of each osteocyte extend through these to reach the arms of other osteocytes and connect to eachother Allow oxygen and blood to reach every osteocyte
41
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae between osteons which are Remnants of resorbed osteons
42
Circumferential lamellae
“rings” of Lamellae present on inner layer of periosteum and outside spongy bone Add strength to bone as a whole
43
Trabeculae
“Ribs” of spongy bone resist forces from all directions provide protective framework for bone marrow
44
Perforating canal
ie. Volkmann’s Canals Central canals of neighboring osteons are connected by these types of canals Run perpendicular to the osteons Carry blood vessels from periosteum that merge with vessels in the central canals
45
Ossification
ie. osteogenesis Process of bone formation embryonic period - about age 7 Two Types: Intramembranous Endochondryl
46
Intramembranous Ossification
Built on a model of embroyonic connective tissue All bones of the skull, also, the clavicles Occurs within the mesenchymal membrane This type of ossification begins in the primary ossification membrane
47
Endochondral Ossification
Built on a model of hyaline cartilage All bones in body below the head except the clavicles 1. Perichondrium is invaded by blood vessels 2. Perichondrial cells differentiate into osteogenic cells then into osteoblasts 3. Osteoblasts build a bone collar on surface of bone 4. Chondrocytes die 5. In the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with early sponge bone
48
Primary bone
Ie. woven bone Immature bone created by intramembranous ossification or endochondral ossification
49
Secondary bone
Ie. Lamellar bone Mature bone
50
The Events of Intramembranous Ossification
1. in the primary ossification center-mesenchymal cells first become osteogenic cells then become osteoblasts 2. Osteoblasts secrete organic matrix which mixes with salts from inorganic matrix and deposits into the trabeculae and calcifies. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes 3. Early Spongy bone is formed 4. Early Compact Bone is formed
51
The events of Endochondral Ossification
Begins in primary ossification center 1. Chondroblasts in perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts 2. Bone begins to ossify from the outside Osteoblasts build the bone collar on the external surface of bone Simultaneously, internal cartilage begins to calcify and chondrocytes die 3. In the primary ossification center osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early sponge bone. The secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop 4. As medullary cavity enlarges the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone and the epiphysis finish ossifying
52
Longitudinal Growth
Only in long bones Occurs from division of chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate on side closest to diaphysis
53
Epiphyseal plate
Composed of hyaline cartilage Has five different zones of cells
54
5 zones of the epiphyseal plate
``` Zone of reserve cartilage Zone of proliferation ( most mitotic activity occurs here) Zone of hypertrophy and maturation Zone of calcification Zone of ossification ```
55
Epiphyseal line
A line left by a closed ( matured) epiphyseal plate
56
Appositional Growth
All bones for a lifetime Osteoblasts between the periosteum and bone surface lay down new bone
57
Bone remodeling
Continual process of bone formation and loss
58
Fracture
Broken bone Simple=closed- perimeter tissues are intact Compound= open - perimeter tissues are damaged
59
Bone growth & remodeling depends on adequate intake of
Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin K
60
Parathyroid hormone
Promotes an increase in activity of osteoCLASTS because it wants to break down bone to increase calcium levels in the blood
61
Articular cartilage
Persists for life
62
Calcitonin
Works opposite to parathyroid hormone

BIO223 (13 decks)

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