CH 6. pt 2 Respiratory Emergencies

Question 1

2 ways respiratory emergencies can happen

Answer 1

1. respiratory becomes difficult or ineffective (respiratory distress)
2. respiration stops entirely (respiratory arrest)

Question 2

for respiration to occur there must be…(4)

Answer 2

1. an open passage to the lungs
2. lungs must have sufficient oxygen
3. gas exchange must occur
4. lungs must inflate and deflate with effective rhythm

Question 3

average respiratory rate of adult, child, infant

Answer 3

adult (12-20)
child (16-24)
infant (30-40)

Question 4

normal quality of breathing

Answer 4

quiet, regular & effortless

Question 5

how long without oxygen until clinical death p\takes place?

Answer 5

when heart stops pumping blood, 0-4min (reversible death)

Question 6

how long until biological death takes place?

Answer 6

organs and brain stop functioning (4+min)

Question 7

how long w/o oxygen does brain damage possible

Answer 7

4-6 min

Question 8

how long w/o oxygen until brain damage is likely

Answer 8

6-10min

Question 9

how long w/o oxygen until brain damage is certain

Answer 9

10+ min. Irreversible death

Question 10

define hypoxia

Answer 10

insufficient oxygen reaches the cells

Question 11

S/S of hypoxia

Answer 11

cyanosis
increase RR & HR
restlessness
decreased LOR
Dizzy/lightheadedness

Question 12

define anoxia

Answer 12

condition with a total lack of oxygen

Question 13

define eupnea, apnea, dyspnea

Answer 13

eupnea- normal respirations
apnea- cessation of breathing
dyspnea- difficult/laboured breathing including SOB

Question 14

define respiratory distress

Answer 14

condition where breathing is difficult

Question 15

define respiratory arrest

Answer 15

condition where breathing has stopped.
-rescue breathing is needed

Question 16

S/S of respiratory emergencies (7)

Answer 16

-dyspnea
-abnormal breathing sounds
-abnormal breathing rate
-abnormal skin characteristics
-emotional effects (anxious/restless)
-neurological effects (dizzy/light headed)
-patient position (patient is in unusual position/tripod)

Question 17

causes of respiratory emergencies (9)

Answer 17

trauma (c spine, head, chest)
inhaled toxins (drug overdoses)
low oxygen environment
airway obstruction
neurological injuries/conditions
poor circulation
lung infection
excess fluid in lungs
illness (COPD, emphysema, heart attacks, congestive heart failure)

Question 18

places where there would be a lack of O2 (3)

Answer 18

1. environmental- altitude
2. O2 displacement by other gases- carbon monoxide
3. O2 consumption- confined spaces

Question 19

types of airway obstructions (3)

Answer 19

-tongue
-swollen airway
-foreign body obstruction (food, teeth, mouth guard..)

Question 20

what to do with a partial airway & complete blocked airway

Answer 20

partial- encourage them to keep coughing. They will wheeze and cough. Narrowing of airway.

complete- unable to speak, breath or cough. No air exchange, make a high pitched noise. Caused by forgien body obstruction

Question 21

what parts of the c spine keeps you breathing (responsible for diaphragm)

Answer 21

C 3, 4, 5

Question 22

define anaphylaxis

Answer 22

severe allergic reaction that causes the air passage to constrict

Question 23

what happens during anaphylaxis (4)

Answer 23

1. less O2 is coming in due to swollen airway
2. blood vessels dilate
3. profound low BP
4. cardiac collapse

Question 24

what does an epi pen contain

Answer 24

epinephrine hydrochloride
slows the harmful effects of anaphylaxis

Question 25

how does the epi pen work? (4)

Answer 25

1. constricts blood vessels 2. reduces swelling 3. increases HR (reduces risk of cardio collapse) 4. prevents the release od additional histamines (reducing effects of the allergen on the body)

Question 26

allergen triggers (5)

Answer 26

food insect bites/stings medication latex exercise

Question 27

S/S anaphylaxis

Answer 27

skin rash itching weakness nausea/vomitting dizzy dyspnea tightness in chest/throat swelling in face/neck/tongue

Question 28

what systems does anaphylaxis attack?

Answer 28

skin airway (potentially life threatening) cardiovascular (potentially life threatening) CNS GI tract

Question 29

define hyperventilation

Answer 29

tachpnea upsetting oxygen and cardon dioxide balance

Question 30

causes of hyperventilation (9)

Answer 30

fear/anxiety head injury illness hemorrhage heart failure metabolic (diabetes coma) asthma exercise high fever

Question 31

S/S of hyperventilation

Answer 31

shallow/ rapid breathing (characteristic sign) dizzy numb/tingling in fingers and toes

Question 32

respiratory emergencies treatment (4)

Answer 32

O2 administration maintain normal body temp rest in comfortable position reduce environmental heat/humidity

Question 33

4 key points to resp. arrest

Answer 33

-life threatening -causes: illness, choking, injury -Resp. distress comes before arrest -body systems progressivley fail

Question 34

define COPD

Answer 34

condition that causes loss of lung function. Results in too uch CO2 in the system

Question 35

COPD encompasses what 3 clinical conditions

Answer 35

emphasyma chronic bronchitis bronchospasm

Question 36

signs of COPD

Answer 36

-SOB/gasping air -sitting upright, leaning forward -Ronchi (course rattling sounds in lungs) -cyanosis -JVD -prolonged exhalation through pursed lips

Question 37

define emphasyma and S/S

Answer 37

A disease where the aveoli lose their elasticity and become distended with trapped air. Cannot exchange O2 & CO2 - SOB -difficult exhaling -coughing, cyanosis, high fever, finger clubbing -restlessness/confusion

Question 38

define chronic bronchitis & S/S

Answer 38

Inflammation of the bronchial tube, results in excess mucous secretions making smaller passage for air -SOB -coughing with sputum -cyanosis

Question 39

triggers to bronchitis

Answer 39

pollutants & smoking

Question 40

define acute & chronic bronchitis

Answer 40

acute- results frm infection and improves in days chronic- caused by prolonged exposure to irritants at least 3 months (smoking)

Question 41

define bronchospasm and S/S

Answer 41

Condition that effects terminal bronchioles (swell with fluid, and muscles surrounding contract and are narrowed) -SOB -wheezing

Question 42

drive to breath in healthy people vs those with COPD

Answer 42

healthy- drive to breathe determined by amount of cO2 in blood COPD- eventually develop hypoxic drive to breath (can maintain high levels of CO2 in blood for extended periods, the body looks at amount of O2 levels to determine when to breathe

Question 43

define acute resp. distress syndrome & S/S

Answer 43

Lung disease caused by variety of direct & indirect conditions. Results from resp. illness or trauma to chest. -SOB -tachypnea -cyanosis -possible pulmonary edema

Question 44

define asthma

Answer 44

Inflammatory process resulting in the narrowing of air passage

Question 45

Triggers and S/S of asthma

Answer 45

triggers: - allergens -emotional stress -cold weather -physical activity S/S: - wheezing on exhale - recurring dyspnea -chest tightness -sputum -cough -chest tightening -tingling (fingers)

Question 46

2 asthma managements

Answer 46

inhaled cortcosteriods (treats inflammation/long term control & prevention Bronchodialators- rescue, immediate control (inhalers)

Question 47

Define pneumonia and causes (2)

Answer 47

Term to describe a group of illness charachterized by lung infection and fluid filled aveoli that results in hypoxia. causes: bacteria/virus irritants (smoke/aspirated materials)

Question 48

S/S of pneumonia (11)

Answer 48

dyspnea rapid breathing chest pain couth with sputum fever chills nausea tiredness vomitting muscle aches headache

Question 49

Define acute pulmonary edema and causes (2)

Answer 49

Build up of fluid in the lungs -heart damage -lung damage

Question 50

S/S of acute pulmonary edema

Answer 50

SOB cyanosis rapid breathing restlessness/anxiety exhaustion tachycardia cool, clammy skin frothy sputum

Question 51

Define pulmonary embolism and causes (5)

Answer 51

Blockage of a pulmonary artery that has travelled from another part of the circulatory system causes: - thrombus from a vien in lower extremity -fat -air -tumor tissue -amniotic fluid

Question 52

S/S of pulmonary embolism (10)

Answer 52

SOB cough JVD pain anxiety synscope (fainting) hypotension cool, clammy skin tachycardia fever

Question 53

define JVD

Answer 53

result from a blockage there is a back flow of blood resulting in JVD