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AET 260 > CH 12 Spinal & Head Injuries > Flashcards

CH 12 Spinal & Head Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

name the lobes of the brain (6)

A

frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
brain stem
cerebellum

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2
Q

function: frontal lobe

A

thinking, memory, behaviour & movement

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3
Q

function: temporal lobe

A

hearing, learning & feelings

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4
Q

function: brainstem

A

breathing, HR, temperature

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5
Q

function: parietal lobe

A

lanuage & touch

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6
Q

function: occipital

A

sight

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6
Q

function: cerebellum

A

balance & coordination

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7
Q

spinal column sections (5)

A

cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral vertebrae (5 fused)
coccyx (4 fused)

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7
Q

what is the foramen magnum

A

where the spinal cord exits. Located at the base of the skull

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7
Q

what nerve runs through C3, C4, C5 & what is its function

A

phrenic nerve
controls the function of the diaphragm

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8
Q

what does severing the nerve or spinal cord do?

A

destroys the function of the nerve roots below the area of injury

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9
Q

what is a simple spinal injury

A

ligament sprain or muscle strain

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10
Q

what is a severe spinal injury

A

spinal cord injury

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11
Q

how can we we tell if its a sprain/strain OR spinal cord injury?

A

palpation of c-spine

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12
Q

spinal injuries: C4

A

-quadriplegia
-complete paralysis below the neck

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13
Q

spinal injuries: C6

A

-partial paralysis of hands & arms and lower body

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14
Q

spinal injuries: T6

A

-paraplegia
-paralysis below the chest

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15
Q

spinal injuries: L1

A

-paraplegia
-paralysis below the waist

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16
Q

Spinal injuries: dangerous MOI’s (8)

A

-fall from height greater than 1 metre
-axial load to head
-MVA
-unresponsive (unknown MOI)
-severe blunt force to head/neck
-penetrating trauma to head/neck
-cracked helmet
High voltage/lightning strike

17
Q

spinal injuries: typical motions involved (5)

A

-hyper extension
-hyper flexion
-hyper rotation
-whiplash motion
-axial loading

18
Q

hyper flexion injuries & soft tissue

A

-Head rotates forward until chin hits the chest
(ex) summersault/rolling forward over head
Soft tissue:
-stretches posterior soft tissue
-fractures vertebral bodies (anterior)
-spinal cord compression
-disc herniation

19
Q

hyper extension injuries & soft tissue

A

-neck forced into backward rotation
(ex) elbow to chin, forcing head back.

Soft tissue:
stretching anterior neck structures
-compression of posterior structures
-spinous process of vertebrae can be fractured

20
Q

axial load injury & soft tissue

A

-Force is directed through the top of the head and through the spine
(ex) Landing on head, diving in to post or boards & head getting pushed in a ruck

Soft tissue:
-compression of vertebrae

21
Q

Convex & concave spinal injury

A

Convex side stretches injuring tissues
Concave side compresses & structures can get crushed/compressed

22
Impact of head rests in cars
If head rest is not properly set your head will go into hyperextension
23
What is the vertebral artery
major artery of the neck that branches off of the subclavian artery & supplies 20% of the blood to the brain
24
significance of vertebral artery & what head position is most dangerous
-Close to the facet joints where it can be compressed -Can be stressed primarily by traction, rotation & extension (as little as 20% rotation can impact the blood flow)
25
what happens when the neck is hyper rotated (vertebral artery)
artery is stretched & narrowed decreasing blood flow & volume available to the brain
26
S/S head/spinal injuries (13)
- changes LOR -severe pain & pressure in head/spine -persistent headache -numbess/tingling/partial or total paralysis -deformity of skull -cerebral spinal fluid/blood from nose & ears -seizures -periorbital ecchymosis 9racoon eyes) -periauricular ecchymosis (battle signs) -nausea/vommiting -unequal pupils/unresponsive to light -resp. & circulartory changes -loss of balance
27
define rhinorreha
CSF out of nose
28
define Otorrhea
CSF out of ear
29
define canadian c-spine rule (CCR)
A process used to simplify & standardize the assessment of patients w/suspected spinal injuries. Used to rule out major risk factors & asses whether SMR is necessary
30
questions to ask for CCR & next steps if all answered 'no'
-Do you have numbness/tingling in your hands or feet -do you have pain in your neck -was your pain immediate or delayed -Test strength in hands & feet Yes to any= SMR All no... -palpate c-spine -rotate head 45 degrees to each side
31
when to apply CCR? (7)
-trauma indicated -patient is alert* -stable vital signs* ->16 years old* -no acute paralysis -no vertebral disease -no previous c-spine surgery*
32
define inline stabilization & steps
-brings patient into neutral alignment 1. direct patient to remain still 2. ensure your arms/elbows remain still 3. Places hands in head grip position & then rotate head, laterally tilt the head then flex the head
33
When not to perform the inline stabilization of the head/neck (3)
1. patients head is severely angulated to one side 2. patient complains of pain, pressure or muscle spasms in the neck when you begin to align 3. you feel resistance when attempting to align
34
facts about cervical collar (4)
1. help minimize movent & keeps head in line with body 2. Alone do not provide adequate SMR 3. must be used in conjuntion with manual in line stabilization 4. proper sizing is important (small= not enough support, big= hyperextension of neck)
35
SMR process
1. scene assessment - dangerous MOI -general impression (position of body or neck) 2. primary assessment -immediately immobilize the neck -confirm or deny SMR -apply cervical collar if SMR 3. secondary assessment
36
steps prior to boarding (4)
1. if patient is not in supine, roll the patient to supine 2. administer in line stabilization 3. apply cervical collar 4. board patient
37
Care for serious head/spinal injuries
1. place patient in RTC 2. initiate SMR 3. control external bleeding 4. monitor responsivness
38
define spinal shock
characterized by temporary reduction or loss of reflexes following a spinal cord injury -combination of reflex & neurological concerns
39
define hyporeflexia
absent reflexes
40
define autonomic dysfunction
loss of process of control of automatic things (BP/HR)
41
Full spinal immobilization order to stabilize/strap down
1. torso 2. pelvis & proximal legs 3. distal legs 4. head last
42
when to log roll
used to put a patient into supine position or to provide full spinal immobilization
43
what to consider when log rolling (5)
1. manual SMR must be kept 2. Requires 2 responders, 3 preffered 3. neck must remain in position it was found in entire time 4. provide inline stabilization once supine 5. If proficient, consider rolling directly on to board. If not roll to supine, inline stabilize then roll onto board

AET 260 (10 decks)

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