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Pediatric Sonography > ch 6- Pediatric Thorax > Flashcards

ch 6- Pediatric Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Neurogenic tumors are usually _______ which arise _____ along the sympathetic chain

A

1) ganglioneuromas

2) Posteriorly

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2
Q

Neurogenic tumors are ____, ____ & have ______

A

1) well- defined

2) hypoechoic

3) small granular calcifications

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3
Q

Neurogenic tumors are associated with ______

A

Rib erosions

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4
Q

_______ are the malignant form of neurogenic tumors

A

Neuroblastoma’s

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5
Q

Neurenteric cyst are ______ that have __________ from the neural canal during development

A

1) cysts of bowel

2) failed to separate

  • seen prenatally
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6
Q

Neurenteric cyst present as _____, ______ cyst in the ____ chest.

A

1) well-defined

2) thin walled

3) posterior

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7
Q

With neurenteric cyst, A spinal anomaly is seen ____ than the lesion on x-ray. They are usually ____ but may contain ______ due to _______

A

1) higher

2) hypoechoic

3) Debris

4) infection or hemorrhage

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8
Q

Pulmonary Sequestration is AKA ___________

A

Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation

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9
Q

Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) refers to a segment of lung which ________ due to _____ with _____ communication to the tracheobronchial tree.

A

1) does not function

2) anomalous arterial blood supply

3) no communication

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10
Q

Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) is due to a developmental abnormality in which there is an ______________________

A

Accessory tracheobronchial forgut bud

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11
Q

Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation) clinically, lower lung ____ that ____ completely is seen.

A

1) consolidation

2) never clears

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12
Q

List the 2 types of Pulmonary Sequestration
(aka Bronchopulmonary Foregut Malformation)

A

1) Intralobar pulmonary sequestration

2) Extralobar pulmonary sequestration

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13
Q

Intralobar pulmonary sequestration is an _____ condition where abnormal lung is enclosed in _______ of the affected lobe.

A

1) aquired

2) visceral pleura

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14
Q

Intralobar pulmonary sequestration often presents on ______, occurs following _____, & is associated with _____ & a compromised ______

A

1) young adults

2) pneumonia

3) bronchial obstruction

4) pulmonary artery supply

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15
Q

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration is a ______ which is more common in ____ & 4 times more common on the _____

A

1) congenital anomaly

2) Males

3) on the left

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16
Q

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration
These patients have pulmonary tissue with _____ & greater than 60% have a _____ & ______

A

1) separate pleura

2)diaphragmatic defect

3) CCAM of the lungs

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17
Q

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration
the _____ can be seen separately, & an _____ may be detected from the ____

A

1) left adrenal

2) abnormal arterial supply

3) aorta

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18
Q

What does CPAM stand for?

(AKA CCAM)

A

1) Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
or Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

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19
Q

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a mass of __________ which develop in the fetal chest.

A

Abnormal bronchial & lung tissue

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20
Q

List the 3 types of Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) i

A

Type 1- Macrocystic

Type 2 - Mixed

Type 3- Microcystic

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21
Q

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 1 - macrocystic is ______

A

one or more large cyst > 2cm

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22
Q

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 2- Mixed is ______

A

multiple small cyst

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23
Q

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
Type 3- Microcysts appears______

A

solid on ultrasound

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24
Q

What is the difference between CPAM/CCAM & Pulmonary Sequestration ?

A

No vascular supply is demonstrated with CPAM/CCAM

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25
Q

CPAM/CCAM is associated with ______ & _____ in the fetus, due to the tissue

A

1) Polyhydramnios & hydrops

2) impinging on the esophagus & causing fluid backup

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26
Q

Pleural effusion refers to fluid in the _____. A simple PE should appear ___ & resolves with ____

A

1) Pleural cavity

2) anechoic

3) antibiotics

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27
Q

Complicated PE’s are usually due to _____ & appear ____

A

1) bacterial infection

2) cloudy

28
Q

Bacterial PE’s have to be ______ for resolution

A

drained

29
Q

Consolidation of the lungs appears _____. The lung tissue solidifies due to _______ or ____, as in ______

A

1) hypoechoic

2) fluid or exudate

3) pneumonia

30
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia is a defect in the diaphragm in which the ________________.
It can be ____ or _____

A

1) abdominal contents herniate into the chest.

2) congenital

3) acquired (due to trauma)

31
Q

List the 2 types of Diaphragmatic hernia’s.

A

1) Bochdalek hernia

2) Morgagni hernia

32
Q

Bochdalek hernia is _____ & affects the ____

A

1) more common

2) affects the back (posterior, large)

33
Q

Bochdalek hernia is associated with ______, _______, ______, & ______

A

1) pulmonary hypoplasia

2) prolapsed retroperitoneal fat

3) spleen

4) Left Kidney

34
Q

Approximately ______ of congenital diaphragmatic hernias are Bochdalek hernia.

A

95 %

35
Q

A Morgagni hernia affects the _______. They area _____ & ______.

A

1) the front (anterior)

2) small

3) rare

36
Q

Morgagni hernia occur ____ & _____ through the _____ .

A

1) later in life

2) bulge

3) intercostal angles

37
Q

Diaphragmatic hernias area more common on the ______ (due to the _______)

A

1) left

2) liver acting as a plug

38
Q

Diaphragmatic Eventration is a _____ anomaly causing an ______ of the diaphragm dome.

A

1) congenital anomaly

2) abnormal elevation

39
Q

Diaphragmatic Eventration is due to part of the diaphragm being composed of ______ with ________

A

1) fibrous tissue

2) little or no muscle fibers

40
Q

With Diaphragmatic Eventration, over time this region stretches & on ______, does _______

A

1)on inspiration

2) does not contract normally

41
Q

Diaphragmatic Eventration is usually seen in the ____________

A

Antero-medial right hemidiaphragm

42
Q

Diaphragmatic Eventration may also be acquired due to ____, ____ or _____

A

1) birth trauma

2) Chest surgery

3) rare chest tumors

43
Q

Diaphragmatic paralysis in children is usually due to ________ due to ______ or ______

A

1) Phrenic nerve damage

2)birth trauma

3) spinal cord disorders

44
Q

Newborns & children with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis may experience more severe respiratory distress than adults due to _____ & _____

A

1) weaker muscle

2) a more compliant chest wall

45
Q

With Diaphragmatic paralysis the newborn may have a _____ or show signs of ______, with frequent______.

A

1) weak cry

2) gastrointestinal distress

3) vomiting

46
Q

Children with bilateral Diaphragmatic paralysis require ________ & _______ because the condition can be _____

A

1) immediate medical attention

2) ventilator intervention

3) life threatening

47
Q

To assess Diaphragmatic paralysis accurately, the transducer should be placed _________

A

In the intercostal rib spaces

48
Q

With Diaphragmatic paralysis, if the patient is on a ventilator, it should be ______ while ____ is being performed.

A

1) disconnected for 5-10 seconds

2) M- mode

49
Q

If Diaphragmatic paralysis is present, _____ or ______ of the diaphragm will be seen with an _____ on the contralateral side.

A

1) absent

2)paradoxical motion (up on inspiration)

3) exaggerated digression

50
Q

Malignant Rhabdomyosarcoma is a ____ arising from the ______

A

1) rare tumor

2) diaphragmatic muscle

51
Q

The thymus gland is located in the ______, _____ to the aortic arch.

A

1) superior mediastinum

2) anterior

52
Q

The thymus gland can be visualized in children up to _____. It has the appearance of a _____ & _______ later in childhood.

A

1) 2 years old

2) Sail

3) atrophies

53
Q

The thymus is a specialized ____ of the immune system.

A

lymphoid gland

54
Q

At _____, the thymus reached the height of its use, becoming the largest. After this age, the size of the thymus ______ as the
______ disappears & the _____ appears.

A

1) puberty

2) declines

3) lymphoid tissue disappears

4) fat & fibrous tissue appears

55
Q

Thymic cysts are usually _____ & _______.

A

1) unilocular

2) extremely uncommon

56
Q

Thymic cysts may occur from the _______ to the _______, & are more common on the _______.

A

1) angle of the mandible

2) thoracic inlet

3) left

57
Q

List the symptoms of Thymic cysts in newborns. (4)

A

1) hoarseness

2) dysphagia

3) stridor

4) respiratory distress

58
Q

Superior herniation of the thymus into the neck is _____

A

Rare

59
Q

Intermittent migration of the Thymus out of the thorax into the suprasternal region occurs during ______

A

Valsalva

60
Q

A cervical ectopic thymus is _____

A

Very uncommon

61
Q

Thymic tissue may be found along the ____ or protrude into the ____ due to a _____.

A

1) thymopharyngeal duct

2) chest wall

3) congenital sternal defect

62
Q

The thymus may also be involved in the following. (6)

A

1) hemorrhage
2) hemangioma
3) Langerhans cell histiocytosis
4) malignant infiltration of either lymphoma or leukemia
5) lipoma
6) lymphatic formation

63
Q

Which gland has the appearance of a “sail” on ultrasound?
A. Thymus gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Parotic gland
D Lingual gland

A

A Thymus gland

64
Q

What type of diaphragmatic hernia affects the front of the diaphragm?
A. Bochdalek
B. Morgagni
C. Inguinal
D. Umbilical

A

B Morgagni

65
Q

All of the following are true pertaining to Extralobar Pulmonary Sequestration EXCEPT:
A. More common in males
B. More common in females
C. four times more common on the left
D. greater than 60% of children with this anomaly have a diaphragmatic defect.

A

B. More common in females is incorrect

*** More common in males

Pediatric Sonography (5 decks)

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