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Pediatric Sonography > Anatomy of the skull > Flashcards

Anatomy of the skull Flashcards

1
Q

List the 8 bones of the cranial vault

A

1) Frontal
2) temporal x2
3) ethmoid
4) Parietal x 2
5) occipital
6) sphenoid

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2
Q

The frontal bone forms part of the cranial cavity as well as the _______, the _______ & the _____

A

1) forehead

2) brow ridges

3) nasal cavity

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3
Q

The left & right parietal bones form much of the _______ & _______ portions of the cranium.

A

1) Superior

2) lateral

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4
Q

The left & right temporal bones form the ____ walls of the cranium as well as housing the ______

A

1) lateral walls

2) external ear

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5
Q

The occipital bone forms the ____ & ___ portions of the cranium. Many _____ attach here, as this is the point of articulation with the neck & cranium.

A

1) posterior

2) inferior

3) neck muscles

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6
Q

The sphenoid bone forms part of the ____ & helps the form the ______. It is a _____ shaped bone.

A

1) eye orbit

2) floor of the cranium

3) batwing shaped

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7
Q

The ethmoid bone forms the _____ portion of the orbits & the ______ of the nasal cavity.

A

1) medial

2) roof

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8
Q

The cranial bones have a _____ appearance sonographically.

A

highly echogenic

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9
Q

List the 5 major sutures of the skull.

A

1) Coronal suture
2) Frontal (Metopic) suture
3) Lambdoidal suture
4) Squamosal suture
5) Sagittal suture

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10
Q

The _____ & ____ bones form the Coronal suture

A

1) Frontal

2) Patietal

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11
Q

The Frontal (Metopic) suture is between the ______

A

Two Frontal bones

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12
Q

The Lambdoidal suture is formed by the ____ & ____ bones

A

1) Occipital bones

2) Parietal bones

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13
Q

The Sagittal suture is along the _____ & separates the _____

A

1) midline

2) 2 parietal bones

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14
Q

The Squamosal suture runs between the _____ & _____

A

1) Temporal bone

2) Parietal bone

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15
Q

List the 2 abnormalities involving the cranial skull

A

1) Craniosynostosis

2) Cloverleaf skull or Kleeblattschadel

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16
Q

Craniosynostosis is _____ of the cranial sutures

A

Premature fusion

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17
Q

Craniosynostosis fusion may be ______ or ______.

A

1) Complete

2) Partial

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18
Q

Premature fusion of the lambdoial, coronal & sagittal sutures may lead to ______ & _______

A

1) Microcephaly (small head)

2) secondary Microcephaly (small brain)

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19
Q

Cloverleaf skull (or Kleeblattschadel) is the premature fusion of the ____ & ____ sutures

A

1) coronal

2) lambdoidal

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20
Q

Cloverleaf skull (or Kleeblattschadel) the sagittal suture remains ____ & allows growth in _____

A

1) open

2) one direction

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21
Q

Cloverleaf skull (or Kleeblattschadel) a ______ skull appearance occurs

A

“trilobed” appearance

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22
Q

Cloverleaf skull (or Kleeblattschadel) children generally _____ in ______ & have ________

A

1) die in infancy

2) profound mental retardation

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23
Q

List the Fontanelles

A

1) Anterior fontanel

2) Posterior fontanel

3) Mastoid fontanel

4) Sphenoid fontanels

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24
Q

The fontanelles are the spaces ________ of an infants skull where the ______ intersect

A

1) between the bones

2) sutures intersect

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25
Q

The fontanelles generally remain open for _____ to ______

A

3 to 18 months

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26
Q

There are twon fontanellas that are covered by tough membranes; these are the ______ & the ______

A

1) anterior fontanel

2) posterior fontanel

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27
Q

which fontanel is the largest & most important?

A

Anterior fontanel

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28
Q

The Anterior fontanel is also called the _____

A

Soft spot

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29
Q

The Anterior fontanel is the junction where the 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones meet at the intersection of the _____ & _____ sutures

A

1) Sagittal

2) Coronal

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30
Q

The Anterior fontanel remains soft until about _____ of age & then forms the ______

A

1) 18 months of age

2) bregma

(Rumack- remains open for 2 yrs, scan 12-14 months)
(App & lange- 9-15 months)

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31
Q

The Posterior fontanel is the junction of the 2 parietal bones & occipital bones where the _____ & ____ sutures meet

A

1) Sagittal sutures

2) Lambdoidal sutures

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32
Q

The Posterior fontanel usually closes ____, before the ____, during the ______ of an infants life

A

1) first

2) anterior fontanelle

3) first several months of an infants life

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33
Q

The Posterior fontanel closes to form the _____ at _____ months of age.

A

1) lambda

2) 2-3 months of age

34
Q

The Mastoid fontanel closes at ________

A

6-18 months old

35
Q

The Mastoid fontanel is located at the junction of the ____, ____ & _____ bones

A

1) temporal

2) parietal

3) occipital

36
Q

Using the Mastoid fontanelle in imaging the neonatal head is a ______ & ____ universally used at this time.

A

1) newer technique

2) NOT

37
Q

Using the Mastoid fontanel approach, the ____ & ____ are imaged more easily for abnormalities

A

1) brainstem

2) posterior fossa

38
Q

Using the Mastoid fontanel approach, the echogenic tentorium is ______ to improve visualization of the ______

A

1) avoided

2) cerebellum

39
Q

The Mastoid fontanel is AKA the ________; is used with the infants head on ______

A

1) Posterolateral fontanelle

2) on its side

40
Q

The Sphenoid fontanel is located _____ & _____ the zygomatic process

A

1) behind

2) slightly above ( 3cm)

41
Q

The Sphenoid fontanel is formed by the ____, the ____ tips of the ____ , the ______ & the greater wing of the ____

A

1) frontal bone

2) anterior tips of the parietal bone

3) temporal bones

4) sphenoid bone

42
Q

As the fetus grows, the ____ & _____ become the forebrain

A

1) Telencephalon ( cerebrum)

2) Diencephalon (thalmus, hypothalmus & epithalmus)

43
Q

Telenchephalon = __________

A

Cerebrum

44
Q

Diencephalon= ____, _____, & _____

A

1) Thalmus

2) Hypothalmus

3) Epithalmus

45
Q

Mesencephalon = _____ & _____

A

1) Colloculi

2) Peduncles

46
Q

The Mesencephalon becomes the _____ (remains ____)

A

Mid brain ( remains tubular)

47
Q

The Metencephalon & Myelencephalon becomes the ____ & _____

A

1) hindbrain

2) spinal cord

48
Q

Metencephalon = _____ & _____

A

1) pons

2) cerebellum

49
Q

Myelencephalon= ___________

A

Medulla Oblongata

50
Q

List the 4 divisions of the brain

A

1) Prosencephalone (forebrain)

2) Mesencephalon, or the midbrain

3) Rhombencephalon ( hindbrain)

4) Spinal cord

51
Q

The Prosencephalone (forebrain), which has 2 additional divisions, the _____ & the _______ (division 1 of the brain)

A

1) Telencephalon

2) Diencephalon

52
Q

The Mesecephalon, aka ________ (division 2 of the brain)

A

Midbrain

53
Q

The Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) contains the ______ & ______ (division 3 of the brain)

A

1) Metencephalon

2) Myelelncephalon

54
Q

List the 4 major regions of the brain

A

1) Cerebrum

2) Diencephalon

3) Cerebellim

4) Brain stem

55
Q

The prosencephalon is the most ____ portion of the brain. It is also called the _____ .

A

1) Anterior portion

2) forebrain

56
Q

The prosencephalon consist on the _____, _____, ____, ____ & _____

A

1) telencephalon

2) striatum

3) diencephalon

4) lateral vent

5) 3rd vent

57
Q

The diencephalon is enclosed by the ____ & ___ to the brain stem.

A

1) cerebral hemisphere

2) superior

58
Q

The diencephalon includes the ______, ____, ____, _____, ____ , ____, ____, ____ & ______ (9)

A

1) thalamus
2) hypothalamus,
3) the optic tracts
4) optic chiasma
5) infundibulum
6) 3rd vent
7) mammillary bodies
8) posterior pituitary gland
9) pineal gland

59
Q

The telencephalon is the ____ of the brain ______ to the midbrain

A

1) anterior portion

2) rostral ( to the front of)

60
Q

The telencephalon consist of the ____, ____, ____ & ____

A

1) cerebral cortex

2) basal ganglia

3) corpus striatum

4) olfactory bulb

61
Q

The mesencephalon is the most _____ portion of the brain stem. It is located between the ___ & ____

A

1) Rostral (to the front of)

2) forebrain

3) brainstem

62
Q

The mesencephalon consist of the ___ & ____

A

1) tecum

2) tegmentum

63
Q

The rhombencephalon is the ______ portion of the brainstem

A

inferior portion

64
Q

The rhombencephalon is comprised of the ____ , the _____ & the _____

A

1) Metencephalon

2) Myelencephalon

3) Reticular formation

65
Q

The metencephalon is located below the ____ portion of the cerebrum & ____ the medulla oblongata

A

1) below

2) above

66
Q

The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the _______

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

67
Q

The myelenecephalon, the ____ portion of the brain stem

A

Posterior

68
Q

The myelenecephalon is composed of the _____ & contains a portion of the ______.

A

1) medulla oblongata

2) fourth ventricle

69
Q

The sonographic appearance of the parenchyma of the brain is ____ & of __________

A

1) Homogenous

2) low echogenicity

70
Q

The brain is composed of ____ & _____ matter

A

1) grey

2) white

71
Q

The gray matter, the ___ portion of the brain, is compose of ________

A

1) Outer portion

2) large groups of neurons

72
Q

The white matter is composed of the ______ & ____ cover with fat, is _____ inside the brain

A

1) Bundles of axons

2) dendrites

3) deep inside

73
Q

The outer gray matter, ___mm to ___ mm portion of the cerebrum is called the ______ & contains ___ layers

A

1) 1.5-5mm

2) cerebral cortex

3) six layers

74
Q

The cerebral cortex is actually a _______ covering the ____ of the brain

A

1) Layer of cells

2) Surface

75
Q

The cortex contains folds , called _____. This allows the cerebral cortex to have more _____

A

1) gyri

2) more surface area

76
Q

Large sulci subdivide each _____ into ____.

A

1) hemisphere

2) lobes

77
Q

The gyri are the ___ or ____ on the cerebrum & the sulci are the grooves that _________

A

1) folds or convolutions

2) separate the gyri

78
Q

The major gyrus of the brain is called the _____

A

Cingulate gyrus

79
Q

The cingulate gyrus is a ____ structure in the ___ part of the brain

A

1) hypoecoic

2) medial

80
Q

The cingulate gyrus partially wraps around the ______

A

Corpus callosum

Pediatric Sonography (5 decks)

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