Ch. 6 Neoplasias

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

new growth

Question 2

Stem cells

Answer 2

reserve cells that remain quiescent until there is a need for cell replenishment. when a stem cell divides, one retains stem cell characteristics, and the other becomes a progenitor that proceeds through to terminal differentiation

Question 3

Benign Neoplasias

Answer 3

well differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of origin
slow forming and some can regress
inability to metastasize
grow by expansion, fibrous capsule and do not cause death unless their location is such that it interrupts vital body functions

Question 4

Malignant Neoplasms

Answer 4

grow rapidly and spread widely
have potential to kill
tend to compress by and out outgrow their supply, causing ischemia and tissue necrosis
rob normal tissues of nutrients
liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue
solid tumors and hematologic cancers
-solid; initially confined to a specific tissue or organ. as the growth progresses, cells detach and invade surrounding tissue and enter blood and lymph, and metastasize

Question 5

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 5

localized pre-invasive lesion

Question 6

Anaplasia

Answer 6

loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

Question 7

Pleomorphism

Answer 7

undifferentiated cancer cells are marked by a number of morphologic changes, including variations in size and shape.

Question 8

How cancer spreads

Answer 8

1. direct invasion and extension
2. seeding of cancer cells in body cavities
3. metastatic spread through vascular or lymphatic pathways

Question 9

Invasion and metastasis

Answer 9

development of a second tumor in a different location.

Question 10

Sentinel node biopsy

Answer 10

piece of cancer to diagnose. dye into area to see the tumor, and using the snetinel node to discover where the invasion starts and stops in the lymph

Question 11

Factors affecting tumor growth

Answer 11

the number of cells that are actively dividing or moving through the cell cycle. duration of cell cycle. number of cells lost compared to new produce. Growth fraction: ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass
Doubling time: length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double

Question 12

Host and Environmental Factors leadng to cancer

Answer 12

heredity
hormones
carcinogens
oncogenic viruses
immunologic mechnaisms

Question 13

Cancer Cachexia

Answer 13

weight loss and wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, profound weakness, anorexia and anemia

Question 14

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

Answer 14

inappropriate hormone release, ciruculating hematopoietic, neurological and dermatological factors

Question 15

Classification and Staging TMN

Answer 15

Primary Tumor (T)
TX – primary tumor cannot be evaluated
T0- no evidence of primary tumor
T1s- carcinoma in situ, has not spread
T1,2,3,4,- size and/or extent of the primary tumor
Regional Lymph Nodes (N)
NX- regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
N0- no regional lymph node involvement
N1,2,3, - involvement of regional lymph nodes (number and/or extend of spread)
Distant Metastasis (M)
MX- distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
M0 – no distant metastasis
M1- distant metastisis (cancer has spread)
In order to understand a cancer, you need to understand its TNM
This is the classification system of the disease

Question 16

Cancer treatment modalities

Answer 16

surgery: debulking
radiation
hormonal therapy
targeted therapy: drugs that selectively attack
biotherapy: immunotherapy and biological response modifiers to change the persons own immune response to cancer (T cells)
chemotherapy

Question 17

How does chemotherapy work?

Answer 17

Direct DNA interacting: these disrupt the cell cycle with alkaline.
Indirect DNA interacting- antimetabolites andmitotic spindle inhibitors
Cell cycle specific- specific part of cell cycle
Cell cycle non sprecific: all phases of cell life

Question 18

Stem Cell Transplantation

Answer 18

bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT)

Question 19

Radiation Benefits

Answer 19

external beam or teletherapy (beams generated at a distance and aimed at tumor)
brachytherapy (sealed radioactive source is placed close or directly in tumor)
Systemic therapy: radioisotopes are given orally or injected into the tumro site
uses high energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells

Question 20

Radiation Adverse effects

Answer 20

negatively affects normal tissue

tissue within field is freq affeted: skin, mucosal lining of GI and bone marrow

Question 21

Oncologic Emergencies

SADH

Answer 21

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
SIADH causes body to retain water
Dilution of normal electrolytes
Lung and brain cancers
Post neurosurgical (brain) surgery
Monitor for low sodium (sx include nausea vomiting, lethargy and seizures)

Question 22

Oncologic Emergencies: Hypercalcemia

Answer 22

Complication of breast, lung, head and neck cancers; leukemia; multiple myeloma
and bony metastasis of any cancer
sx include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and changes in mental status

Question 23

Oncologic Emergencies: Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Answer 23

results from obstruction (metastases from breast or lung cancers) of venous return and engorgement of the vessels from the head and upper body
Periorbital and facial edema, dyspnea, and neck pain

Question 24

Oncologic Emergencies: Tumor Lysis Syndrome

Answer 24

occurs when tumors are rapidly destroyed, releasing intracellular contents into the bloodstream faster than the body can process them. This release causes hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperuricemia. Can lead to acute kidney injury and change in cardiac function.