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Pathophysiology > Ch. 1-3 > Flashcards

Ch. 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

deals with the functions of the human body

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2
Q

Pathology:

A

the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the human body that cause or are caused by disease

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3
Q

Pathophysiology

A

deals not only with the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function, also considered the physiology of altered health

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4
Q

What is disease?

A

acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with and that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems

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5
Q

Etiology

A

the precise cause of the disease

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6
Q

What are the etiologic agents?

A

Biological (bacteria, virus, etc), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (alcohol, poison), ones genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses and deficits
NOTE: most diseases are multifactoral

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7
Q

Risk Factors

A

multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease, vulnerabilities - can be modifiable or nonmodifiable.

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8
Q

Give examples of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors

A

tobacco use, alcohol use, drug abuse, dangerous behaviors, economic status, gender, age, race, local, ethnicity

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9
Q

Congenital conditions

A

defects that are present at birth, may or may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest

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10
Q

Acquired defects

A

caused by events that occur after birth

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11
Q

Idiopathic

A

no known cause for the disease

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12
Q

Pathogensis

A

explain how the disease process evolves, sequence of events that takes place from the time of initial contact with etiologic agent until disease expression

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13
Q

morphologic changes

A

gross anatomic and microscopic cellular changes that are characteristic of the disease

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14
Q

symptoms:

A

subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder. subjective!!

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15
Q

signs

A

objective manifestation that is noted by the observer. Objective!!

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16
Q

systemic

A

manifestations present throughout the body and are not confined to one area

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17
Q

local

A

manifestions limited or confined to one area of the body

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18
Q

diagnosis

A

a label for a disease - clustering clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests

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19
Q

syndrome

A

compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state

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20
Q

complications

A

possible adverse extension from the disease or outcomes from treatment

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21
Q

sequelae

A

lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by the disease

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22
Q

morbidity

A

negative outcome from disease complications that impact the quality of life

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23
Q

clinical course

A

describes the evolution of the disease. from time of exposure to Sx, to recover

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24
Q

acute disorder

A

begins abruptly and lasts for a few days or a few months

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25
Q

Chronic disorder

A

implies a continuous, long term process, longer than 6 months

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26
Q

exacerbations

A

aggravation of symptoms and severity of the disease

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27
Q

remission

A

period when there is a decrease in severity and symptoms

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28
Q

subacute disroder

A

a disease that falls somewhere between acute and chronic in duration and severity

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29
Q

subclinical disease

A

not clinically apparent and not to become clinically apparent, some would label this asymptomatic disease

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30
Q

precipitating factors

A

triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations. promotes the disease, precipitate a response

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31
Q

Iatrogenic

A

disease that are caused as an inadvertent result of medical treatment

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32
Q

Nosocomial

A

disease that results of exposure to infection in the health care environment. HAIs. usually within 48 hours

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33
Q

Prognosis

A

forecast or prediction of how an individual will proceed through a disease, probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

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34
Q

mortality

A

death

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35
Q

epidemiology:

A

study of disease occurrence in a human population

36
Q

Incidence:

A

rate of occurrence of the disease. reflects the rate of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific period of time (1 of 1000 births)

37
Q

Prevalence

A

number or percentage of a population that is affected by a particular disease at a given time, a measurement at any given point in time, not an estimate of risk (10000 in US currently)

38
Q

Endemic LEvel

A

the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community. the observed level. baseline. usually the expected level of disease. usual prevalence or infectious agent in a population within a given region.

39
Q

Sporadic

A

disease that occurs infrequently or irregularly

40
Q

Hyperendemic

A

a persistent, high levels of disease occurence

41
Q

Epidemic

A

increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area

42
Q

Outbreak

A

carries same definition as epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area

43
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

44
Q

Disease prevention. Three fundamental types of prevention

A

Primary: directed at keeping the disease from occurring by removing risk factors. (folic acid preconception, immunizations, counseling lifestyle). avoid the disease. remove the risk facotrs. no disease
Secondary: detect the disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment interventions can effect a cure or stop the process. (pap smears, colonoscopy) unfortunately, sometimes the prevention causes the diagnosis)
Tertiary: directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduction in complications of a disease that is already present. (beta blockers post MI, support groups)

45
Q

Evidence BAsed PRactice

A

making a decision in healthcare based on scientific data that have shown a specific method of managing a disease or patient symptoms

46
Q

Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

systematically developed statements that inform practicioners and the population of best case care for a specific clinical circumstance.
what we know but also what we dont know
research recommendations
brings a collective of research together

47
Q

Key issues that make up the underlying factors of Social Determinants of health (SDOH)

A

Economic Stability, Employment, Food Insecurity, Housing Instability, Poverty, Education, Early Childhood Education and Development, Enrollment in Higher Education, High School Graduation, Language and Literacy, Social and Community Context, Civic Participation, Discrimination, Incarceration, Social Cohesion, Health and Health Care, Access to Health Care, Access to Primary Care, Health Literacy, Neighborhood and Built Environment, Access to Foods that Support Healthy Eating Patterns, Crime and Violence, Environmental Conditions, Quality of Housing

48
Q

proteoplasm

A

intracellular fluid, 2 regions.. Karyoplasm: nucleoplasm. in nucleus
Cytoplasm: outside the nucleus

49
Q

Nucleus

A

all eukaryotic cells have it. contains DNA. information and instructions for cellular function and survival
site of synthesis of RNA
-mRNA (messenger) - transcribed from DNA in transcription. travels to ribosomes to make proteins.
-rRNA- ribosomal - component of the ribosomes, site of protein production
-tRNA - transfer- transport amino acids to ribosomes. use mRNA template to link amino acids to synthesis proteins- translation

50
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis in cells

51
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

extensive system of paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect various parts inside the cell. RER and SER. RER has ribosomes attached, proteins made here usually become parts of organelles, membranes, or secreted as protein
SER: synthesizes lipids. and steroid hormones

52
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

substances produced in the ER carried to golgi complex, which modifies these substanes and packages them in secretory vesicles or granules

53
Q

lysosomes

A

“digestive system” break down excess and worn out parts and foreign material

54
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhourse. contains enzymes that convert carbon containing nutrients into energy -cellular respiration and reqs o2. contains own DNA and ribosomes are self replicating key regulators to apoptosis

55
Q

cell functions. what are they.

A

communication, reproduction, metabolism/respiration, ingestion and secretion, transportation (passive: diffusion, facilitated diff, osmosis. Active: )

56
Q

Cell communication

A

feedback prevents overproduction or underproduction of proteins..
signal molecule = ligand. mech for communication. found on surface of cell (cell surface receptors) or within the cell (intracellular receptors)

57
Q

What determines the cell size

A

primarily by the amt of functional DNA in the cell

58
Q

Proliferation?

A

increae in cell number

59
Q

cell differentiation?

A

change in physical or functional properties of the cell, directs the cell to develop into specific cell type

60
Q

Cell respiration

A

series of metabolic processes that transforms fuel molecules into energy and waste

61
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

process of ATP production without o2

62
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

chemcial reaction of oxidation and reduction between o2 and nutrient products (glucose). glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm

63
Q

glycolysis

A

outside the mitchondria. 2 ATP. anaerobic. pathway in the mitochondria

64
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

:waste: CO2, H2O, and heat. 36 ATP

65
Q

Endocytosis

A

used to transport lg substances into the cell

66
Q

pintocytosis

A

contents of small liquid containing vesicles. drinking.

67
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating. lg particles, such as cells, bacteria, and cell componenes

68
Q

Where are lysosomes formed?

A

Golgi apparatus.

69
Q

What do lysosomes target, and what do they contain?

A

target: proteins, carbs, damaged cell structures and pathogens to be broken down for removal or recycling. they contain acid hydrolases.

70
Q

Passive Transport

A

influenced by gradients, does not require an input of energy.
Chemical gradient: diff number of particles on either side of the membrane
Electrical gradient = diff in charged particles

71
Q

Diffusion

A

process by which substances become widely dispersed and reach a uniform concentration because of the energy from their spontaneous kinetic energy. move from high to low concentrations

72
Q

Osmosis

A

pertains to water. moves from high concentrations of water to areas of lesser concentration. regulated by concentration of substances on either side of the membrane that cannot diffuse

73
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

movement of some substances across cell membrane requires the aid of transport molecules. ie unable to cross because of lg size or hydrophillic characteristics.
Ion channels - triggers- bypass lipid soluble portion of membrane
:large or not lipophillic substances need assistance crossing the membrane and under protein assisted diffusion. move from high to low concentration

74
Q

Active Transport

A

reqs. energy to transport. agasint the concentration or electrical gradient. IE sodium potassium ATPas pump

75
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

a protective mechanisms that prevent cellular and tissue harm. when endangered, cells undergo adaptive changes to permit survival and maintenance of function.
Stress overwhelming or adaptation ineffective = cell injury and death occur

76
Q

Atrophy

A

when stressed, cells revert to a smaller size and lower and more efficient level of functioning.
Causes: disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrion, ischemia or decreased blood flow, process of aging

77
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size and often increase in tissue mass.
Occurs: in tissues where the cell cannot increase in number through mitosis
increase in functional component of the cells
can occur as a result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions (ie muscles)

78
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Occurs: cells capable of mitosis.
stimulus that causes may be physiologic or nonphysiologic
Two common types: hormonal and compensatory.
Hormonal: pregnancy. inc in uterine and breast
Compensatory: liver regeneration
Nonphysiologic: excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissues (excess estrogen and endometrial changes)

79
Q

Metaplasia

A

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation
GERD: squamos to columnar
Lungs to tobacco: columnar to squamos
Cervix- columnar to squamos

80
Q

dysplasia

A

actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangemnent and structure. = abnormal differentiation of dividing cells.
Cells are not cancerous; precancerous changes that can progress to cancer

81
Q

Causes of cell injury

A

Physical Agents (mechanical, temp, electrical)
Radiation (ionizing, UV, and nonionizing radiation)
Chemical injury (drugs, toxicities)
Injury from biological agents
injury from nutritional imbalances

82
Q

Cell death- what are the two major ways

A

Apoptosis: designed to remove injured or worn out cells. can be both a physiologic and a pathologic response. highly selective. eliminates injuries or aged cells, controlling tissue regenration. programmed cell death. intereference with this contributes to carcinogensis
Necrosis: irreversibly damaged cells. loss of cell integrity, enzymatic breakdown of cellular components and trigger the inflammatory process. interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration.

83
Q

Cellular Reproduction. What are the types

A

Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis: the basis of all tissue growth, chromosome number is conserved.
Meiosis: produces sex cells by reducing their chromosome number by half. creates genetic variability of gametes.

84
Q

Meiosis: Whats the process

A

Meiosis 1:
Interphase: dna is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes. outside the nucleus, two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles. during interphase. microtubules extend from these centrosomes
Prophase 1: copied chrom condense into xshaped structures. each chromosome is compased of two sister chormiatids. At the end, membrane around nucleus dissolves. meiotic spindle, extends across the cell between the centrioles
Metaphase 1:
chormosomes line up along the equator of cell. centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell. the meiotic spindle fibres attach to one chromosome of each pair
4 anaphase 1. pair of chromosomes are then pulled apart to separate poles. sister chromatids stay together
5. Telophase 1 and cytokinesis: chromosomes move to opposite ends of the pole. at each pole a full set of chromosomes gather together. a new nuclei is formed. pinched in middle (cytokinesis)
Meiosis II: Prophase II: membrane dissolves, centrioles duplicate, meiotic spindle forms again
Metaphase II:line up at middle of cell
Anaphase II: sister chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles due to this action. now individual chromosomes
Telophase @ and cytokinesis:
chromosomes complete movement to opposite poles. a new nuclei is formed.
Men: 4 sperm.
Women: 1 egg and 3 polar bodies

85
Q

Mitosis: Whats the process:

A

Prophase: chromosomes condense. nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase: chrom line up in the middle of cell.
Anaphase: sister chromatids are drawn to opposite ends of the cell. they have complete set of DNA. cell begins to cleave. cytoskinesis begins
Telophase: two new nuclear envelopes form.
produces two daughter cells

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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