Ch. 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
deals with the functions of the human body
2
Q
Pathology:
A
the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the human body that cause or are caused by disease
3
Q
Pathophysiology
A
deals not only with the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function, also considered the physiology of altered health
4
Q
What is disease?
A
acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with and that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems
5
Q
Etiology
A
the precise cause of the disease
6
Q
What are the etiologic agents?
A
Biological (bacteria, virus, etc), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (alcohol, poison), ones genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses and deficits
NOTE: most diseases are multifactoral
7
Q
Risk Factors
A
multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease, vulnerabilities - can be modifiable or nonmodifiable.
8
Q
Give examples of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors
A
tobacco use, alcohol use, drug abuse, dangerous behaviors, economic status, gender, age, race, local, ethnicity
9
Q
Congenital conditions
A
defects that are present at birth, may or may not be evident until later in life or may never manifest
10
Q
Acquired defects
A
caused by events that occur after birth
11
Q
Idiopathic
A
no known cause for the disease
12
Q
Pathogensis
A
explain how the disease process evolves, sequence of events that takes place from the time of initial contact with etiologic agent until disease expression
13
Q
morphologic changes
A
gross anatomic and microscopic cellular changes that are characteristic of the disease
14
Q
symptoms:
A
subjective complaint that is noted by the person with a disorder. subjective!!
15
Q
signs
A
objective manifestation that is noted by the observer. Objective!!
16
Q
systemic
A
manifestations present throughout the body and are not confined to one area
17
Q
local
A
manifestions limited or confined to one area of the body
18
Q
diagnosis
A
a label for a disease - clustering clinical manifestations and diagnostic tests
19
Q
syndrome
A
compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state
20
Q
complications
A
possible adverse extension from the disease or outcomes from treatment
21
Q
sequelae
A
lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by the disease
22
Q
morbidity
A
negative outcome from disease complications that impact the quality of life
23
Q
clinical course
A
describes the evolution of the disease. from time of exposure to Sx, to recover
24
Q
acute disorder
A
begins abruptly and lasts for a few days or a few months
25
Chronic disorder
implies a continuous, long term process, longer than 6 months
26
exacerbations
aggravation of symptoms and severity of the disease
27
remission
period when there is a decrease in severity and symptoms
28
subacute disroder
a disease that falls somewhere between acute and chronic in duration and severity
29
subclinical disease
not clinically apparent and not to become clinically apparent, some would label this asymptomatic disease
30
precipitating factors
triggers that promote the onset of clinical manifestations. promotes the disease, precipitate a response
31
Iatrogenic
disease that are caused as an inadvertent result of medical treatment
32
Nosocomial
disease that results of exposure to infection in the health care environment. HAIs. usually within 48 hours
33
Prognosis
forecast or prediction of how an individual will proceed through a disease, probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease
34
mortality
death
35
epidemiology:
study of disease occurrence in a human population
36
Incidence:
rate of occurrence of the disease. reflects the rate of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific period of time (1 of 1000 births)
37
Prevalence
number or percentage of a population that is affected by a particular disease at a given time, a measurement at any given point in time, not an estimate of risk (10000 in US currently)
38
Endemic LEvel
the amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community. the observed level. baseline. usually the expected level of disease. usual prevalence or infectious agent in a population within a given region.
39
Sporadic
disease that occurs infrequently or irregularly
40
Hyperendemic
a persistent, high levels of disease occurence
41
Epidemic
increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
42
Outbreak
carries same definition as epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area
43
pandemic
epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
44
Disease prevention. Three fundamental types of prevention
Primary: directed at keeping the disease from occurring by removing risk factors. (folic acid preconception, immunizations, counseling lifestyle). avoid the disease. remove the risk facotrs. no disease
Secondary: detect the disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment interventions can effect a cure or stop the process. (pap smears, colonoscopy) unfortunately, sometimes the prevention causes the diagnosis)
Tertiary: directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduction in complications of a disease that is already present. (beta blockers post MI, support groups)
45
Evidence BAsed PRactice
making a decision in healthcare based on scientific data that have shown a specific method of managing a disease or patient symptoms
46
Clinical Practice Guidelines
systematically developed statements that inform practicioners and the population of best case care for a specific clinical circumstance.
what we know but also what we dont know
research recommendations
brings a collective of research together
47
Key issues that make up the underlying factors of Social Determinants of health (SDOH)
Economic Stability, Employment, Food Insecurity, Housing Instability, Poverty, Education, Early Childhood Education and Development, Enrollment in Higher Education, High School Graduation, Language and Literacy, Social and Community Context, Civic Participation, Discrimination, Incarceration, Social Cohesion, Health and Health Care, Access to Health Care, Access to Primary Care, Health Literacy, Neighborhood and Built Environment, Access to Foods that Support Healthy Eating Patterns, Crime and Violence, Environmental Conditions, Quality of Housing
48
proteoplasm
intracellular fluid, 2 regions.. Karyoplasm: nucleoplasm. in nucleus
Cytoplasm: outside the nucleus
49
Nucleus
all eukaryotic cells have it. contains DNA. information and instructions for cellular function and survival
site of synthesis of RNA
-mRNA (messenger) - transcribed from DNA in transcription. travels to ribosomes to make proteins.
-rRNA- ribosomal - component of the ribosomes, site of protein production
-tRNA - transfer- transport amino acids to ribosomes. use mRNA template to link amino acids to synthesis proteins- translation
50
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis in cells
51
Endoplasmic Reticulum
extensive system of paired membranes and flat vesicles that connect various parts inside the cell. RER and SER. RER has ribosomes attached, proteins made here usually become parts of organelles, membranes, or secreted as protein
SER: synthesizes lipids. and steroid hormones
52
Golgi Apparatus
substances produced in the ER carried to golgi complex, which modifies these substanes and packages them in secretory vesicles or granules
53
lysosomes
"digestive system" break down excess and worn out parts and foreign material
54
mitochondria
powerhourse. contains enzymes that convert carbon containing nutrients into energy -cellular respiration and reqs o2. contains own DNA and ribosomes are self replicating key regulators to apoptosis
55
cell functions. what are they.
communication, reproduction, metabolism/respiration, ingestion and secretion, transportation (passive: diffusion, facilitated diff, osmosis. Active: )
56
Cell communication
feedback prevents overproduction or underproduction of proteins..
signal molecule = ligand. mech for communication. found on surface of cell (cell surface receptors) or within the cell (intracellular receptors)
57
What determines the cell size
primarily by the amt of functional DNA in the cell
58
Proliferation?
increae in cell number
59
cell differentiation?
change in physical or functional properties of the cell, directs the cell to develop into specific cell type
60
Cell respiration
series of metabolic processes that transforms fuel molecules into energy and waste
61
Anaerobic respiration
process of ATP production without o2
62
Aerobic respiration
chemcial reaction of oxidation and reduction between o2 and nutrient products (glucose). glycolytic pathway in the cytoplasm
63
glycolysis
outside the mitchondria. 2 ATP. anaerobic. pathway in the mitochondria
64
Aerobic respiration
:waste: CO2, H2O, and heat. 36 ATP
65
Endocytosis
used to transport lg substances into the cell
66
pintocytosis
contents of small liquid containing vesicles. drinking.
67
phagocytosis
cell eating. lg particles, such as cells, bacteria, and cell componenes
68
Where are lysosomes formed?
Golgi apparatus.
69
What do lysosomes target, and what do they contain?
target: proteins, carbs, damaged cell structures and pathogens to be broken down for removal or recycling. they contain acid hydrolases.
70
Passive Transport
influenced by gradients, does not require an input of energy.
Chemical gradient: diff number of particles on either side of the membrane
Electrical gradient = diff in charged particles
71
Diffusion
process by which substances become widely dispersed and reach a uniform concentration because of the energy from their spontaneous kinetic energy. move from high to low concentrations
72
Osmosis
pertains to water. moves from high concentrations of water to areas of lesser concentration. regulated by concentration of substances on either side of the membrane that cannot diffuse
73
Facilitated Diffusion
movement of some substances across cell membrane requires the aid of transport molecules. ie unable to cross because of lg size or hydrophillic characteristics.
Ion channels - triggers- bypass lipid soluble portion of membrane
:large or not lipophillic substances need assistance crossing the membrane and under protein assisted diffusion. move from high to low concentration
74
Active Transport
reqs. energy to transport. agasint the concentration or electrical gradient. IE sodium potassium ATPas pump
75
Cellular adaptation
a protective mechanisms that prevent cellular and tissue harm. when endangered, cells undergo adaptive changes to permit survival and maintenance of function.
Stress overwhelming or adaptation ineffective = cell injury and death occur
76
Atrophy
when stressed, cells revert to a smaller size and lower and more efficient level of functioning.
Causes: disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrion, ischemia or decreased blood flow, process of aging
77
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size and often increase in tissue mass.
Occurs: in tissues where the cell cannot increase in number through mitosis
increase in functional component of the cells
can occur as a result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions (ie muscles)
78
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
Occurs: cells capable of mitosis.
stimulus that causes may be physiologic or nonphysiologic
Two common types: hormonal and compensatory.
Hormonal: pregnancy. inc in uterine and breast
Compensatory: liver regeneration
Nonphysiologic: excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target tissues (excess estrogen and endometrial changes)
79
Metaplasia
reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation
GERD: squamos to columnar
Lungs to tobacco: columnar to squamos
Cervix- columnar to squamos
80
dysplasia
actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangemnent and structure. = abnormal differentiation of dividing cells.
Cells are not cancerous; precancerous changes that can progress to cancer
81
Causes of cell injury
Physical Agents (mechanical, temp, electrical)
Radiation (ionizing, UV, and nonionizing radiation)
Chemical injury (drugs, toxicities)
Injury from biological agents
injury from nutritional imbalances
82
Cell death- what are the two major ways
Apoptosis: designed to remove injured or worn out cells. can be both a physiologic and a pathologic response. highly selective. eliminates injuries or aged cells, controlling tissue regenration. programmed cell death. intereference with this contributes to carcinogensis
Necrosis: irreversibly damaged cells. loss of cell integrity, enzymatic breakdown of cellular components and trigger the inflammatory process. interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration.
83
Cellular Reproduction. What are the types
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis: the basis of all tissue growth, chromosome number is conserved.
Meiosis: produces sex cells by reducing their chromosome number by half. creates genetic variability of gametes.
84
Meiosis: Whats the process
Meiosis 1:
Interphase: dna is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes. outside the nucleus, two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles. during interphase. microtubules extend from these centrosomes
Prophase 1: copied chrom condense into xshaped structures. each chromosome is compased of two sister chormiatids. At the end, membrane around nucleus dissolves. meiotic spindle, extends across the cell between the centrioles
Metaphase 1:
chormosomes line up along the equator of cell. centrioles are now at opposite poles of the cell. the meiotic spindle fibres attach to one chromosome of each pair
4 anaphase 1. pair of chromosomes are then pulled apart to separate poles. sister chromatids stay together
5. Telophase 1 and cytokinesis: chromosomes move to opposite ends of the pole. at each pole a full set of chromosomes gather together. a new nuclei is formed. pinched in middle (cytokinesis)
Meiosis II: Prophase II: membrane dissolves, centrioles duplicate, meiotic spindle forms again
Metaphase II:line up at middle of cell
Anaphase II: sister chromatids are then pulled to opposite poles due to this action. now individual chromosomes
Telophase @ and cytokinesis:
chromosomes complete movement to opposite poles. a new nuclei is formed.
Men: 4 sperm.
Women: 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
85
Mitosis: Whats the process:
Prophase: chromosomes condense. nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase: chrom line up in the middle of cell.
Anaphase: sister chromatids are drawn to opposite ends of the cell. they have complete set of DNA. cell begins to cleave. cytoskinesis begins
Telophase: two new nuclear envelopes form.
produces two daughter cells
