CH. 6- General Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, ——— separate the fingers.
Abductors
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
Absorption
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, ——— draw the fingers together.
Adductors
A specilized connective tissue considered far, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
Adipose tissue
Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body, including the fight-or-flight response.
Adrenal glands
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Anabolism
The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Anatomy
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.
Angular artery
Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.
Anterior auricular artery
The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Aorta
Thick-walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
Arteries
Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
Arterioles
Valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber.
Atrioventricular valves (ATV)
Thin-walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right —— and a left ——.
Atrium
Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.
Auricularis anterior
Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.
Auricularis posterior
Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward.
Auricularis superior
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
Auriculotemporal nerve
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
Autonomic nervous system
The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
Axon
Middle part of the muscle.
Belly
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Biceps
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
Blood
Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Blood vessels
Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
Body systems
Located in the upper arm, is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through the forearm.
Brachial artery
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.
Brain
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.
Brain stem
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.
Buccal nerve
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
Buccinator
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
Capillaries
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.
Cardiac muscle
Also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Carpus
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.
Catabolism
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
Cell membrane
Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
Cells
Cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Central nervous system
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is Latin for “little brain”.
Cerebellum
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.
Cererum
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
Cervical cutaneous nerve
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
Cervical nerves
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
Cervical vertebrae
Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
Circulatory system
Also known as the collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.
Clavicle
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck.
Common carotid arteries
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat.
Connective tissue
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Corrugator muscle
Oval, bony case that protects the brain.
Cranium
All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
Cytoplasm
Elimination of feces from the body.
Defecation
Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons.
Dendrites
The blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
Depressor anguli oris
Also known as quadratus labii inferioris; muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side.
Depressor labii inferoris
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
Diaphragm
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means.
Digestion
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
Digestive enzymes
Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.
Digital nerve
Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
Eleventh cranial nerve
Also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.
Endocrine glands
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
Endocrine system
Tendon connecting the occipitalis and the frontalis.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Epicranius
Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.
Epithelial tissue
Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
Ethmoid bone
Group of organs - including the kidneys, liver, skin, larger intestine, and lungs - that purify the body by elimination of waste matter.
Excretory system
Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.
Exhalation
Also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.
Exocrine glands
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line.
Extensors
Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and side of the head.
External carotid artery
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck.
External jugular vein
Also known as external maxillary artery; supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.
Facial artery
Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches.
Fifth cranial nerve
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist.
Flexors
Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.
Frontal artery
Bone forming the forehead.
Frontal bone
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Frontalis
Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.
Glands
Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and partoid gland.
Greater auricular nerve
Nerve located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.
Greater occipital nerve
Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
Heart
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
Histology
Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen.
Hormones
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Humerus
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle.
Hyoid bone
Supplies blood to the lower lip.
Inferior labial artery
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles.
Infraorbital artery
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
Infraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
Infratrochlear nerve
Eating or taking food into the body.
Ingestion
Breathing in through the nose or mouth, and thus oxygen is absorbed by the blood.
Inhalation
Point where the skeletal muscle is attached to a bone or other more movable body part.
Insertion
The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails.
Integumentary system
Artery that supplies blood to the brain, eyes, eyelids, forehead, nose and internal ear.
Internal carotid artery
Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.
Internal jugular vein
Blood plasma found in the spaces between tissues.
Interstitial fluid
Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton.
Joint
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by eliminating water and waste products.
Kidneys
Small, thin bones located in the anterior medial wall of the orbits (eye sockets).
Lacrimal bones
Muscles that coorinate with the masseter, temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
Lateral pterygoid
Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back.
Latissimus dorsi
Also known as caninus; is a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.
Levator anguli oris
Also known as quadratu labii superioris; muscle surrounding the upper lip that elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.
Levator labii superioris
One of the organs which supports the excretory system by removing toxic waste products of digestion.
Liver
Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.
Lungs
Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces (lymphatic) of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells.
Lymph
Lymphatic vessels that occur in clusters and are distributed throughout most of the body.
Lymph capillaries
Gland-like structures found inside lymphatic vessels; filter the lymphatic vessels and help fight infection.
Lymph nodes
Vital to the circulatory and to the immune system made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus glad, the spleed, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system; the lymphatic and immune system are closely connected in that they protect the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying disease-causing microorganisms.
Lymphatic/immune systems
Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.
Mandible
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the muscles and skin of the lower part of the face; also, nerve that affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip.
Mandibular nerve
One of the muscles that coordinate with the temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred as chewing muscles.
Masseter
Form the upper jaw.
Maxillary bones
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper part of the face.
Maxillary nerve
One of the muscles that coordinate with the masseter, temporalis, and lateral pterygoid muscles to open and close the mouth and bring the jaw forward; sometimes referred to as chewing muscles.
Medial pterygoid
Nerve, smaller than the ulnar and radial nerves, that supplies the arm and hand.
Median nerve
Also referred to as pregnancy mask; skin condition that is triggered by hormones that causes darker pigmentation in areas such as on the upper lip and around the eyes and cheeks.
Melasma
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower lip and chin.
Mental nerve
Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin.
Mentalis
(1) Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. (2) The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy. ———- consists of two parts: anabolism and catabolism.
Metabolism
Also known as palm; consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones.
Metacarpus
Artery that supplies blood to the temples.
Middle temporal artery
Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues.
Mitosis
Also known as bicuspid valve; a valve in which, from the left atrium, the blood flows through into the left ventricle.
Mitral valve
Also known as efferent nerves; carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. Theses transmitted impulses produce movement.
Motor nerves
Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Muscle tissue
Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Muscular system
Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.
Myology
Bones that form the bridge of the nose.
Nasal bones
Nerve that affects the point and lower sides of the nose.
Nasal nerve
Two-part muscle which covers the nose.
Nasalis muscle
Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.
Nerve tissue
Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
Nerves
Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently.
Nervous system
The scientific study of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system.
Neurology
The basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon.
Neuron or nerve cell
Also known as involuntary, visceral, or smooth muscles; function automatically, without conscious will.
Nonstriated muscles
Fluid within the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA; determines our genetic makeup.
Nucleoplasm
The central part, core. 1) In histology the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a eukaryotic cell that acts as the genetic control center; it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism. 2) In chemistry, the center of the atom, where protons and neutrons are located.
Nucleus
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head up to the crown.
Occipital artery
Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.
Occipital bone
Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward.
Occipitalis
Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball, and nasal passage.
Ophthalmic nerve
Ring muscle of the eye socket; closes the eyelid.
Orbicularis oculi
Flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.
Orbicularis oris
Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function.
Organelle
Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions in plants and animals.
Organs
Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle.
Origin
Means bone and is used as a prefix in many medical terms, suck as osteoarthritis, a joint disease.
Os
Study of anatomy, structure, and function of the bones.
Osteology
Function in sexual reproduction as well as determining male and female sexual characteristics.
Ovaries
Two bones that form the hard palate of the mouth.
Palatine bones
Secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and facts. The islet of Langerhans cells within the pancreas control insulin and glucagon production.
Pancreas
Part of the autonomic nervous system, it operates under normal nonstressful situations, such as resting. It also helps to restore calm and balance to the body after a stressful event.
Parasympathetic division
Regulate blood calcium and phosphorus levels so that the nervous and muscular systems can function properly.
Parathyroid glands
Artery that supples blood to the side and crown of the head.
Parietal artery
Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium.
Parietal bones
Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm.
Pectoralis major and minor
Double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart; made of epithelial tissue.
Pericardium
System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral parts of the body to the central nervous system; has both sensory and motor nerves.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Moving food along the digestive tract.
Peristalsis
Also known as digits; are the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.
Phalanges (singular: phalanx)
Study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures.
Physiology
A gland located in the brain. Plays a major role in sexual development, sleep, and metabolism.
Pineal gland
A gland found in the center of the head. The most complex organ of the endocrine system. If affects almost every physiologic process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contractions during childbirth, breast-milk production, sexual organ functions in both women and men, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy (metabolism).
Pituitary gland
Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells.
Plasma
Also known as thrombocytes; much smaller than red blood cells; contribute to the blood-clotting process, which stops bleeding.
Platelets
Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for depressing the lower jaw and lip.
Platysma
Artery that supplies blood to the scalp, behind and above the ear.
Posterior auricular artery
Nerve that affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull.
Posterior auricular nerve
Muscle that covers the bridge of the nose, depresses the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
Procerus
Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
Pronators
Colorless, jellylike substance in cells; contains food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water.
Protoplasm
Sends the blood from the heart to the lungs to be purified, then back to the heart again.
Pulmonary circulation
Artery, along with numerous branches, that supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand; supplies the muscles of the skin, hands, fingers, wrist, elbow, and forearm.
Radial artery
Nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.
Radial nerve
Smaller bone in the forearm on the same side as the thumb.
Radius
Also known as red corpuscles or erythrocytes; produced in the red bone marrow; blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs.
Red blood cells
Automatic reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord. A responsive impulse is sent along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction (for example, the quick removes, of the hand from a hot object). Do not have to be learned; they are automatic.
Reflex
Body system that includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina in the female and the testes, prostate gland, penis and urethra in the male. This system performs the function of producing offspring and passing on the genetic code from one generation to another.
Reproductive system
Process of inhaling and exhaling; the act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell.
Respiration
Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, which supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Respiratory system
Twelves pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.
Ribs
Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.
Risorius
Also known as shoulder blade; one of a pair of large, flat triangular bone of the shoulder.
Scapula
Also known as afferent nerves; carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced. ——- nerve endings called receptors are located close to the surface of the skin.
Sensory nerves
Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.
Serratus anterior
Also known as facial nerve; it is the chief motor nerve of the face. It emerges near the lower part of the ear and extends to the muscles of the neck.
Seventh cranial nerve
Physical foundation of the body, composed of the bones and moveable and immovable joints.
Skeletal system
External protective coating that covers the body. The body’s largest organ; acts as a barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements.
Skin
Also known as lesser occipital nerve; located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear.
Smaller occipital nerve
Bone that joins all the bones of the cranium together.
Sphenoid bone
Portion of the central nervous system that originates in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column.
Spinal cord
Muscle of the neck that depresses and rotates the head.
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Also known as breastbone; the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs.
Sternum
Also known as skeletal or voluntary muscles; attached to the bones and make up a large percentage of body mass; controlled by the will.
Striated muscles
Artery that supplies blood to the chin and lower lip.
Submental artery
A continuation of the external carotid nerve artery; artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side, and top of the head.
Superficial temporal artery
Artery that supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose.
Superior labial artery
Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.
Supinator
Artery that supplies blood to the upper eyelid and forehead.
Supraorbital artery
Nerve that affects the skin of the forehead, scalp, eyebrow, and upper eyelid.
Supraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the skin between the eyes and upper side of the nose.
Supratrochlear nerve
Part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates or speeds up activity and prepares the body for stressful situations, such as running from a dangerous situation, or competing in a sports event.
Sympathetic division
Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart.
Systemic or general circulation
Bones forming the sides of the head in the ear region.
Temporal bones
Nerve affecting the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead, eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the cheek.
Temporal nerve
Temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing).
Temporalis muscle
Male organs which produce the male hormone testosterone.
Testes
Also known as chest or pulmonary trunk; consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.
Thorax
A gland located in the neck; controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
Thyroid gland
Division of the sciatic nerve, passes behind the knee; subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, the muscles of the calf, the skin of the leg, and the sole, heel, and underside of the toes.
Tibial nerve
Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Tissue
Artery that supplies blood to the skin and masseter.
Transverse facial artery
Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back; stabilizes the scapula and shrugs the shoulders.
Trapezius
Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.
Triceps
The heart valve that prevents backflow between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Tricuspid valve
Thin layers of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of the nasal depression.
Turbinal bones
Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist on the side of the little finger.
Ulna
Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand.
Ulnar nerve
Structures that temporarily close a passage or permit flow in one direction only.
Valves
Body system consisting of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.
Vascular system
Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; they contain cuplike valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs.
Veins
A thick-walled, lower chamber of the heart that receives blood pumped from the atrium. There is a right ——— and a left ———.
Ventricle
Small vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. They collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into veins.
Venules
Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum.
Vomer bone
Also known as white corpuscles or leukocytes; perform the function of destroying disease causing germs.
White blood cells
Also known as malar bones or cheekbones; bones that form the prominence of the cheeks; the cheekbones.
Zygomatic bones
Nerve that affects the skin of the temple, side of the forehead, and upper part of the cheek.
Zygomatic nerve
Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth. These muscles elevate the lip, pull the mouth upward and backward, as when you see laughing or smiling.
Zygomaticus major and minor
