CH. 6- General Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, ——— separate the fingers.
Abductors
The transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tissues and cells.
Absorption
Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, ——— draw the fingers together.
Adductors
A specilized connective tissue considered far, which gives smoothness and contour to the body and cushions and insulates the body.
Adipose tissue
Glands that secrete about 30 steroid hormones and control metabolic processes of the body, including the fight-or-flight response.
Adrenal glands
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Anabolism
The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Anatomy
Artery that supplies blood to the side of the nose.
Angular artery
Artery that supplies blood to the front part of the ear.
Anterior auricular artery
The body’s largest artery. The arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Aorta
Thick-walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries throughout the body.
Arteries
Small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries.
Arterioles
Valves which are designed to prevent the blood from flowing back into the pumping chamber.
Atrioventricular valves (ATV)
Thin-walled, upper chamber of the heart through which blood is pumped to the ventricles. There is a right —— and a left ——.
Atrium
Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward.
Auricularis anterior
Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward.
Auricularis posterior
Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward.
Auricularis superior
Nerve that affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to the top of the skull.
Auriculotemporal nerve
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart.
Autonomic nervous system
The extension of a neuron through which impulses are sent away from the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles.
Axon
Middle part of the muscle.
Belly
Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm.
Biceps
Nutritive fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) to supply oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues and to remove carbon dioxide and waste from them.
Blood
Tube-like structures that transport blood to and from the heart, and to various tissues of the body; include arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
Blood vessels
Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.
Body systems
Located in the upper arm, is a major blood vessel which runs down the arm and ends by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries, which run down through the forearm.
Brachial artery
Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity, and the power to think and feel.
Brain
Structure that connects the spinal cord to the brain.
Brain stem
Nerve that affects the muscles of the mouth.
Buccal nerve
Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.
Buccinator
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the veins. Capillaries bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials.
Capillaries
The involuntary muscle that is the heart. This type of muscle is not found in any other part of the body.
Cardiac muscle
Also known as wrist; a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.
Carpus
The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones, often resulting in the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular efforts, secretions, or digestion.
Catabolism
Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.
Cell membrane
Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life.
Cells
Cerebrospinal nervous system; consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Central nervous system
Lies at the base of the cerebrum and is attached to the brain stem; this term is Latin for “little brain”.
Cerebellum
Makes up the bulk of the brain and is located in the front, upper part of the cranium.
Cererum
Nerve located at the side of the neck that affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone.
Cervical cutaneous nerve
Nerves that originate at the spinal cord, whose branches supply the muscles and scalp at the back of the head and neck; affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle.
Cervical nerves
The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region.
Cervical vertebrae
Also known as cardiovascular system or vascular system; system that controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels.
Circulatory system
Also known as the collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula.
Clavicle
Arteries that supply blood to the face, head, and neck.
Common carotid arteries
Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Examples are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph and fat.
Connective tissue
Facial muscle that draws eyebrows down and wrinkles the forehead vertically.
Corrugator muscle
Oval, bony case that protects the brain.
Cranium
All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid containing food material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair.
Cytoplasm
Elimination of feces from the body.
Defecation
Tree-like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons.
Dendrites
The blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Also known as triangularis muscle; muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth.
Depressor anguli oris
Also known as quadratus labii inferioris; muscle surrounding the lower lip that depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side.
Depressor labii inferoris
Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region and helps control breathing.
Diaphragm
Breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means.
Digestion
Chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body.
Digestive enzymes
Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies impulses to the fingers.
Digital nerve
Also known as accessory nerve; a motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles.
Eleventh cranial nerve
Also known as ductless glands; release secretions called hormones directly into the bloodstream which in turn influence the welfare of the entire body.
Endocrine glands
Group of specialized glands that affect the growth development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body.
Endocrine system
Tendon connecting the occipitalis and the frontalis.
Epicranial aponeurosis
Also known as occipitofrontalis; the broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.
Epicranius
Protective covering on body surfaces, such as the skin, mucous membranes, and lining of the heart; digestive and respiratory organs; and glands.
Epithelial tissue
Light, spongy bone between the eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavities.
Ethmoid bone
Group of organs - including the kidneys, liver, skin, larger intestine, and lungs - that purify the body by elimination of waste matter.
Excretory system
Breathing outward; expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs.
Exhalation
Also known as duct glands; produce a substance that travels through small, tube-like ducts. Sweat and oil glands of the skin belong to this group.
Exocrine glands
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand and fingers to form a straight line.
Extensors
Artery that supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck, and side of the head.
External carotid artery
Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face and neck.
External jugular vein
Also known as external maxillary artery; supplies blood to the lower region of the face, mouth, and nose.
Facial artery
Also known as trifacial or trigeminal nerve; it is the chief sensory nerve of the face, and it serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing. It consists of three branches.
Fifth cranial nerve
Extensor muscles of the wrist, involved in flexing the wrist.
Flexors
Artery that supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids.
Frontal artery
Bone forming the forehead.
Frontal bone
Front (anterior) portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
Frontalis
Specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood to convert them into new compounds.
Glands
Nerve at the sides of the neck affecting the face, ears, neck, and partoid gland.
Greater auricular nerve
Nerve located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head.
Greater occipital nerve
Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
Heart
Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.
Hemoglobin
Also known as microscopic anatomy; the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
Histology
Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body, or a body organ, to stimulate functional activity or secretion, such as insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen.
Hormones
Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.
Humerus
U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle.
Hyoid bone
Supplies blood to the lower lip.
Inferior labial artery
Artery that originates from the internal maxillary artery and supplies blood to the eye muscles.
Infraorbital artery
Nerve that affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
Infraorbital nerve
Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose.
Infratrochlear nerve
Eating or taking food into the body.
Ingestion
Breathing in through the nose or mouth, and thus oxygen is absorbed by the blood.
Inhalation