CH. 10- Skin Physiology & Histology

Question 1

Coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm and genital areas that secrete sweat.

Answer 1

Apocrine glands

Question 2

Small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts, sometimes called goose bumps and papillae.

Answer 2

Arrector pili muscle

Question 3

Glycolipid materials that are a natural part of skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function.

Answer 3

Ceramides

Question 4

Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in the reticular layer of the dermis; gives skin its firmness. Topically, a large, long-chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin and binds water; derived from the placentas of cows or other sources.

Answer 4

Collagen

Question 5

Another name for a stratum corneum cell. Hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these “dead” protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei.

Answer 5

Corneocytes

Question 6

Membranes of ridges and grooves that attach to the epidermis; contains nerve endings and supplies nourishment through capillaries to skin and follicles.

Answer 6

Dermal papillae

Question 7

Also known as the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis.

Answer 7

Dermis

Question 8

The structures that assist in holding cells together; intercellular connections made of proteins.

Answer 8

Desmosomes

Question 9

Sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles, secretions do not produce an offensive odor.

Answer 9

Eccrine glands

Question 10

Protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

Answer 10

Elastin

Question 11

Stimulates cells to reproduce and heal.

Answer 11

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

Question 12

Outermost layer of skin; a thin, protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings. It is made up of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, straum spinosum, and stratum germinativum.

Answer 12

Epidermis

Question 13

A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color. People with dark-colored skin mostly produce ———. There are two types of melanin; the other type is pheomelanin.

Answer 13

Eumelanin

Question 14

Cells that stimulate cells, collagen, and amino acids that form proteins.

Answer 14

Fibroblasts

Question 15

Hair ——— and sebaceous ——— are tube-like openings in the epidermis.

Answer 15

Follicles

Question 16

Caused by an elevation in blood sugar, ——– is the binding of a protein molecules to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures, known as Advanced ——— End products (a.k.a. AGES). ——— alters protein structures and decreases biological activity.

Answer 16

Glycation

Question 17

Cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb. The papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment.

Answer 17

Hair papillae

Question 18

Hydrating fluids found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties.

Answer 18

Hyaluronic acid

Question 19

———— film is an oil-water balance that protects the cells from water loss and irritation.

Answer 19

Hydrolipidic

Question 20

Lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation.

Answer 20

Intercellular matrix

Question 21

Fiberous protein of cells that is also the principle component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection.

Answer 21

Keratin

Question 22

Epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids and other proteins.

Answer 22

Keratinocytes

Question 23

Guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system.

Answer 23

Langerhans immune cells

Question 24

White blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites. These white blood cells also respond to allergies.

Answer 24

Leukocytes

Question 25

Located in the dermis, these supply nourishment within the skin and remove waste.

Answer 25

Lymph vessels

Question 26

Tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis. It is a protein that determines hair, eye, and skin color; a defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun.

Answer 26

Melanin

Question 27

Cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer.

Answer 27

Melanocytes

Question 28

Pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein.

Answer 28

Melanosomes

Question 29

Top layer of the dermis next to the epidermis.

Answer 29

Papillary layer

Question 30

A type of melanin that is red and yellow in color. People with light-colored skin mostly produce -----------. There are two types of melanin; the other is eumelanin.

Answer 30

Pheomelanin

Question 31

Tube-like opening for sweat glands on the epidermis.

Answer 31

Pores

Question 32

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and nerve endings.

Answer 32

Reticular layer

Question 33

Chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness), telangiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels), and, in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules.

Answer 33

Rosacea

Question 34

Also known as oil glands; protect the surface of the skin. Sebaceous glands are appendages connected to follicles.

Answer 34

Sebaceous glands

Question 35

Oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricated both the skin and hair.

Answer 35

Sebum

Question 36

Also known as horny layer; outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes.

Answer 36

Stratum corneum

Question 37

Also known as the basal cell layer; active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth.

Answer 37

Stratum germinativum

Question 38

Also known as granular layer; layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum corneum.

Answer 38

Stratum granulosum

Question 39

Clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of feet.

Answer 39

Stratum lucidum

Question 40

Also known as spiny layer; layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum (basal) layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins.

Answer 40

Stratum spinosum

Question 41

Also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose (fat) tissue located beneath the dermis; a protective cushion and energy storage for the body.

Answer 41

Subcutaneous layer

Question 42

Also known as adipose tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin.

Answer 42

Subcutis tissue

Question 43

Also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals.

Answer 43

Sudoriferous glands

Question 44

Identify molecules that have foreign peptides and also help regulate immune response.

Answer 44

T-cells

Question 45

Capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin.

Answer 45

Telangiectasia

Question 46

Water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface.

Answer 46

Transepidermal water loss (TWEL)

Question 47

The enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin.

Answer 47

Tyrosinase

Question 48

Also known as aging rays; longer wavelengths ranging between 320 to 400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death. --- contributes up to 95 percent of the sun's ultravoilet radiation.

Answer 48

UVA radiation

Question 49

Also known as burning rays; --- wavelength range between 290 to 320 nanometers. --- rays have shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays. --- causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer.

Answer 49

UVB radiation