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WACE Chemistry > Ch. 6 Classes of Organic Compounds > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Classes of Organic Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shape of carbon with four single bonds

A

tetrahedral

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2
Q

What is the shape of carbon with one double and two singles

A

planar

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3
Q

What is the shape of carbon with two doubles, or one triple and one single

A

linear

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4
Q

What are the two main categories of hydrocarbons

A

aromatic

aliphatic

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5
Q

Are hydrocarbons polar or nonpolar and why

A
  • Hydrocarbons are non- polar

o Due to carbon & hydrogen having similar electronegativity + relatively symmetrical shape of most hydrocarbons

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6
Q

Why do hydrocarbons have weak intermolecular bonding

A
  • only intermolecular force of attraction b/w adjacent molecules= dispersion forces
    o Weak intermolecular force resulting from momentary dipoles
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7
Q

when does the strength of dispersion forces increase for hydrocarbons

A
  1. Close together (depends on molecule shape)

Larger as there are more region of charge to attract one another

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8
Q

difference between cis and trans

A

o Cis= same side

o Trans= opposite sides

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9
Q

what are the chemical reactions of alkynes

A

combustion and addition

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10
Q

What are the stem names for first 6 carbons

A 
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
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11
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for alcohol

A
  • ol

- OH

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12
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for aldehyde

A
  • al

- C=o, h

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13
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for ketone

A
  • one

- C=O

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14
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for carboxylic acid

A
  • oic acid

- C=O,-OH

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15
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for ester

A
  • alkyl oate

- C=O, -O

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16
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for amine

A
  • amine

- NH2

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17
Q

What is the suffix, and functional group for amide

A
  • amide

- C=O, NH2

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18
Q

why are alcohols polar

A
  • Presence of electronegative oxygen atom means CO and OH bonds are very polar
    o // hydrogen bonding occurs in alcohol
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19
Q

What are the three types of alcohol and the differences

A
  1. Primary- one carbon atom bonded to carbon atom with OH
  2. Secondary- two carbon atoms bonded to carbon atom with OH
  3. Tertiary- three carbon atoms bonded to carbon atom with OH
20
Q

are secondary, tertiary or primary alcohols stronger oxidised

A

o Primary more readily oxidized by strong oxidizing agent than secondary, and tertiary not oxidized

21
Q

What are th four processes in preparing alcohol

A
  1. fermentation
  2. hydrogenation
  3. hydrolysis of alkenes
  4. reduction of ketone/aldehyde
22
Q

What do ketone and aldehydes reduce to

A
  • Aldehyde primary

- Ketone secondary

23
Q

What five reactions can alcohols participate in

A

combustion

dehydration

reaction with sodium (hydrogen made)

oxidation

Esterifaction

24
Q

explain oxidation of alchols

A
  • Alcohols readily undergo oxidation with strong oxidizing agents such as acidified permanganate or dichromate
  • Hydrogen on left, water on right
    a. Primary alcohols
  • Form aldehydes, which then further oxidized to carboxylic acids
    R-CH2OH R-CHO R-COOH
  • E.g. ethanol ethanal ethanoic acid
  • Removing aldehyde as soon as its formed= wont be converted to carboxylic acid

b. Secondary alcohols
- Form ketones which cannot be further oxidized
RCHOHR’ RCOR’

c. Tertiary alcohols
- Resistant to oxidation

25
Q

what colour does dichromate change to when oxidised

A

orange > green

26
Q

are ketones and aldehydes polar or non polar and why

A
  • Oxygen more electronegative than carbon // tendency to attract electrons in carbon-oxygen bond= bond highly polar
    o Because of this polarity, dipole-dipole forces exist between molecules
27
Q

What are the four properties of carboxylic acids

A

monoprotic

strength

polar

solubillity

28
Q

explain carboxylic acids monoprotic nature

A

o As the only H atom that can react with a base is the one on the –COOH group
- other hydrogens non polar bonded

29
Q

explain carboxylic acids strength and why

A
  • strength increased by substituting a highly electronegative atom (such as a halogen) onto the chain

o Due to: strong electron attracting power of substituent weakens oxygen hydrogen bond in the –OH group + makes easier to form H+ ions

30
Q

explain carboxylic acids polarity

A

o The presence of –OH and –C=O groups makes carboxyl polar

♣ So they can form strong hydrogen bonds

31
Q

explain carboxylic acids solubility

A

o Smaller carboxylic acids= soluble in water as strong polar carboxyl group is hydrophilic (loves water) + // able to hydrogen bond to water
o However, as the size of the hydrophobic (water hate) carbon chain increases, solubility decreases

32
Q

what are the four reactions carboxylic acids can participate in

A
  1. reaction with reactive metals
  2. reaction with base (neutralisation)
  3. reaction with carbonate
  4. esterifaction
33
Q

explain carboxylic acid reaction with base

A
  • Hydrogen in –COOH group bonds with OH in base= water, remaining molecule= negative, metal from base= ion
34
Q

explain carboxylic acid reaction with carbonate

A
  • Hydrogen in –COOH group bonds with oxygen in carbonate= water, remaining oxygen and carbon from carbonate=CO2, remaining molecule=negative, metal from carbonate= ion
35
Q

why is production of esters condensation

A

water produced

36
Q

how are esters synthesised

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid

37
Q

naming esters

A
  1. The first part of the name is the alkyl group, comes from the alcohol from which the ester is formed
  2. The second part comes from the carboxylic acid used in the ester formation, the end of the acid name is changed from –oic acid to –oate
38
Q

What are the two reactions of esters

A
  • hydrolysis

- saponification

39
Q

explain hydrolysis of esters

A
  • reverses to form alcohol and carboxylic acid

- happens under acidic or alkaline conditions

40
Q

when are amide formed

A

amine + carboxylic acid

41
Q

what is the functional group for amines

A

nh2

42
Q

what are the three types of amines and why

A

o Primary amine= one alkyl group attached to the nitrogen
o Secondary amine= two alkyl groups attached to nitrogen
o Tertiary amine= three alkyl groups attached to nitrogen

43
Q

is the nh2 group polar

A

yes

44
Q

why are hydrogen bonds in amines weaker than alcohol’s

A
  • itrogen= less electronegative than O, hydrogen bonds formed by amines are weaker than those formed by alcohols
    o = lower b.p. than similar alcohols
45
Q

what are the two reactions of primary amines

A
  • reaction with inorganic acids

- reaction with organic acids (amine + carboxylic= amide)

46
Q

how are primary amides and secondary amides produces

A
  • Primary produced in two steps
    1. The carboxylic acid is converted to an ammonium salt using ammonium carbonate (typical acid-carbonate reaction)
    2. The resultant mixture is then heated to dehydrate the ammonium salt, producing the amide
  • Secondary amides are produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and primary amine

WACE Chemistry (8 decks)

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