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AP 100 > Ch. 6: Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

-clast

A

to break

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2
Q

dia-

A

through

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3
Q

meta-

A

after, beyond

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4
Q

myelo-

A

marrow

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5
Q

-physis

A

growing

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6
Q

functions of bone (6)

A

support, protection, assistance in mvt, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production (hematopoiesis), triglyceride storage

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7
Q

-blast

A

germ, to form, immature

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8
Q

epi-

A

over

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9
Q

epiphyses

A

DIST and PROX end of long bones

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10
Q

metaphysis

A

point of union b/w the diaphysis and epiphysis, includes the epiphyseal plate

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11
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of bone

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12
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis

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13
Q

membrane around the outer surface of bone that is not covered by articular cartilage

A

periosteum

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14
Q

layers of periosteum (2)

A

fibrous layer and osteogenic layer

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15
Q

funcs. of periosteum (6)

A

-protects underlying bone
-essential for bone growth in thickness
-fracture repair
-supply nutrients to bone
-attachment point for ligaments and tendons
-attached to underlying bone matrix

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16
Q

the periosteum is attached to the underlying bone matrix by ______ _____ of collagen

A

perforating fibers

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17
Q

space inside the diaphysis

A

medullary cavity

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18
Q

endosteum

A

lining of the medullary cavity

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19
Q

cells types in bone tissue (4)

A
  1. osteogenic cells
  2. osteoblasts
  3. osteocytes
  4. osteoclasts
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20
Q

feats of osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized cells from embryonic tissue, can undergo mitosis and become osteoblasts, found in inner portion of periosteum and in endosteum

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21
Q

cells that form bone, cannot divide by mitosis, secrete matrix (collagen and minerals) around themselves

A

osteoblasts

22
Q

principal cells of bone tissue, maintain bone tissue via exchange of nutrients, gases and wastes, they are mature osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

23
Q

huge cells derived from ~50 monocytes, involved in bone reabsorption, important in bone development, growth, repair, maintenance, and release of calcium ions into blood to maintain blood calcium level balance

A

osteoclasts

24
Q

primary mineral salts of bone matrix (2)

A

hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate

25
Q

bone matrix framework is made of ______ _____ which provide ______ and ______ _____

A

collagen fibers, flexibility and tensile strength

26
Q

process of salts crystallizing b/w collagen fibers and hardening the tissue

A

calcification or mineralization

27
Q

percentage of distribution of compact and spongy bone

A

80% compact, 20% spongy

28
Q

blood vessels enter the bone from the ________

A

periosteum

29
Q

bone tissue is ______. Especially spongy bone, which contains ____ _____ ______ and has the greatest ________.

A

vascular, red bone marrow, vascularity

30
Q

artery associated with the diaphysis

A

nutrient artery

31
Q

the nutrient artery enters the bone through the _______ _____

A

nutrient foramen

32
Q

what is the periosteum especially rich in

A

sensory nerves

33
Q

bone formation

A

ossification

34
Q

2 types of ossification

A

-intramembranous ossification
-endochondral ossification

35
Q

type of ossification in which bone replaces a cartilaginous template and occurs with most bones but especially long bones in children

A

endochondral ossification

36
Q

type of ossification in which bone is laid down b/w sheets of loose fibrous connective tissue and occurs with flat bones

A

intramembranous ossification

37
Q

2 types of bone growth

A

growth in length (interstitial growth) and growth in width (appositional growth)

38
Q

interstitial growth occurs by which type of bone formation

A

endochondral ossification

39
Q

how does interstitial growth occur

A

chondrocytes at the epiphyseal growth plate divide mitotically and eventually undergo endochondral ossification which adds length to bone

40
Q

appositional growth occurs how

A

bone grows in thickness by laying down new osteons beneath the periosteum

41
Q

hormones that help with bone growth

A

growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone

42
Q

bone is constantly undergoing bone _________ which consists of bone _______ and bone ______

A

remodeling, resorption, deposition

43
Q

3 factors that influence bone growth, remodeling and repair

A

minerals
vitamins
hormones

44
Q

which 2 vitamins are most important for bone growth and remodeling and what do they do

A

vit. C: promotes collagen synth.
vit. D: increases absorption of calcium from interstines into blood and decreases loss of calcium in urine

45
Q

vitamin D and C deficiency disorders

A

D: rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults) results in soft bones
C: scurvy results in loose teeth and retardation of growth

46
Q

2 minerals that influence bone growth and remodeling

A

hydroxyapatite and magnesium

47
Q

4 hormones that influence bone growth and remodeling

A

-parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-sex hormones (2)
-calcitonin (CT)

48
Q

2 things that parathyroid hormone (PTH) does

A

increases blood calcium levels and promotes bone reabsorption by increasing the number and activity of osteoclasts

49
Q

the sex hormones promote the _______ of ____ bone by stimulating osteoblast activity

A

deposition, new

50
Q

2 things that calcitonin (CT) does regarding the bone growth

A

decreases blood calcium levels and promotes bone formation by increasing the activity of osteoblasts and inhibiting activity of osteoclasts

51
Q

disorders of bone physiology and CIs (6)

A

-fractures
-osteoporosis–> Dowager’s hump
-osteoarthritis
-osteomyelitis
-rickets and osteomalacia
-osteogenesis imperfecta

AP 100 (11 decks)

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