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AP 100 > Ch. 10: Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 10: Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

a-

A

not

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2
Q

-algia

A

pain

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3
Q

apo-

A

from

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4
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult

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5
Q

endo-

A

within

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6
Q

-graph

A

to write

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7
Q

hyper-

A

above, excessive

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8
Q

iso-

A

equal

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9
Q

-lemma

A

skin, rind

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10
Q

-metric

A

measure, length

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11
Q

myo-

A

muscle

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12
Q

mys-

A

muscle

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13
Q

-neurosis

A

nerve, sinew

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14
Q

peri-

A

around

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15
Q

sarco-

A

flesh, muscle

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16
Q

tetan-

A

rigid, tense

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17
Q

-tonic

A

tension

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18
Q

troph-

A

nourishment, growth (growth in size not number)

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19
Q

tropo

A

turning

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20
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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21
Q

which types of mm are striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

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22
Q

funcs. of mm tissue (5)

A

-motion
-stabilizing body position
-regulating organ volume
-mvt of substances w/in body
-thermogenesis

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23
Q

individual mm cell is called a ____ ____

A

mm fiber

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24
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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25
Q

cytoplasm of mm cell

A

sarcoplasm

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26
Q

sheets of fibrous connective tissue deep to skin that surround mms

A

fascia

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27
Q

the subcutaneous layer is also known as

A

superficial fascia

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28
Q

dense, irregular connective tissue that lines the external body wall (ie. under the subcutaneous fat) and holds mms together in groups

A

deep fascia

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29
Q

3 layers of connective tissue that extend from the deep fascia into the mm to add strength

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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30
Q

what does the epimysium surround

A

the whole mm beneath the deep fascia

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31
Q

what does the endomysium surround

A

each mm fiber from another

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32
Q

what does the perimysium surround

A

10-100 individual mm fibers forming bundles called fascicles

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33
Q

tendon

A

narrow cords of dense, regular connective tissue that joins mm to periosteum of bone

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34
Q

junction b/w motor neuron and skeletal mm fiber

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

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35
Q

motor neurons are found in the _________ and each mm fiber is innervated w/ one branch of an axon

A

endomysium

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36
Q

capillaries are found in the ______ and each mm fiber is closely associated with at least one capillary

A

endomysium

37
Q

skeletal mm cells are _______ and form embryonically by the fusion of embryonic ________

A

multinucleated,
myoblasts

38
Q

organelle that stores calcium ions needed for mm contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

perpendicular invagination of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the sarcoplasm

A

T (transverse) tubules

40
Q

what is composed of sarcomeres

A

myofibrils

41
Q

sarcomeres are composed of ______ and _______ which are ________

A

actin (thin filament)
myosin (thick filament)
myofilaments

42
Q

the myofilaments don’t extend the whole length of the mm, instead they overlap each other and are arranged into short units called ________ which are joined end to end

A

sarcomeres

43
Q

myofibrils are composed of what 3 types of proteins

A

-contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
-regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin)
-structural proteins (titin and others)

44
Q

basic funcs of contractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (troponin and tropomyosin), and structural proteins (titin)

A

contractile: shorten sarcomeres
regulatory: turn contraction on and off
structural: align contractile proteins, link them to sarcolemma and provide elasticity

45
Q

myosin is a ______ protein. It does the actual pulling that shortens the ________

A

motor, sarcomere

46
Q

the myosin tail points toward the _ ____ and the heads point away from it

A

M line

47
Q

many of these myosins _____ around each other to form the ____ filament

A

twist, thick

48
Q

actin makes up part of the ____ filament

A

thin

49
Q

troponin and tropomyosin _____ around the helical _____ strand to cover up the _____ binding sites

A

twist, actin, myosin

50
Q

3 structural proteins contribute to myofibrils

A

titin, myomesin, and dystrophin

51
Q

the fusion of _______ forms mm cells (fibers)

A

myoblasts

52
Q

very large structural protein that anchors sarcomere

A

titin

53
Q

structural protein that makes up the M line

A

myomesin

54
Q

structural protein that strengthens the sarcolemma

A

dystrophin

55
Q

basic functional unit of mm

A

sarcomere

56
Q

separate one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

57
Q

excitable cells are _____ inside when they’re resting and become _______ inside when stimulated

A

negative, positive

58
Q

the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores what

A

calcium

59
Q

dark line in the middle of the sarcomere where supporting proteins connect adjacent thick filaments

A

M line

60
Q

synapse b/w a skel. mm cell and a motor neuron is called a

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

61
Q

how many neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) per mm fiber

A

1

62
Q

a single axon can branch into many ____ _______, innervating up to 3000 mm fibers

A

axon terminals

63
Q

a nerve and all the fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

64
Q

distal tip of axon terminal

A

synaptic end-bulbs

65
Q

synaptic end-bulbs release neurotransmitter called

A

acetylcholine

66
Q

the specialized region of a mm fiber that receives acetylcholine from the synaptic end-bulbs

A

motor end plate

67
Q

steps in the generation of a mm action potential

A
  1. release of acetylcholine
  2. activation of acetylcholine receptors
  3. production of mm action potential
  4. termination of acetylcholine activity
68
Q

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

69
Q

theory that explains the contraction of mm

A

sliding filament theory

70
Q

steps of the sliding filament theory of contraction (5)

A
  1. action potential (excitation)
  2. release of calcium ions
  3. exposure of myosin-binding site
  4. contraction cycle
  5. relaxation

steps 2-5 are all contraction coupling

71
Q

inhibition of mm contractions (4)

A

-rigor mortis
-curare
-acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
-substances affecting release of acetylcholine

72
Q

firmness of a skeletal mm in a relaxed state

A

mm tone

73
Q

skeletal mms require ATP for (2)

A
  1. contraction cycle of sliding filaments
  2. active transport pumps - moving calcium back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
74
Q

3 methods of ATP production

A
  1. creatine phosphate
  2. Anaerobic cellular respiration
  3. Aerobic cellular resp.
75
Q

the added O2 that is taken into the body after exercise

A

oxygen debt

76
Q

the somatic motor neuron plus all the mm fibers it stimulates

A

motor unit

77
Q

recording of a mm contraction or more precisely the contraction of all the mm cells in a motor unit

A

myogram

78
Q

time it takes for the fiber to recover before it can be stimulated again

A

refractory period

79
Q

when a mm fiber is stimulated after the refractory period, a larger contraction can be generated

A

wave summation

80
Q

_______ _______ is used as an emergency ATP backup donor when all the accessible ATP is used up

A

creatine phosphate

81
Q

glycolysis occurs in the _____ in both anaerobic and aerobic cell resp and creates __ pyruvic acids per glucose

A

cytoplasm, 2

82
Q

anaerobic cell. resp. results in __ ATP. Aerobic results in __ ATP

A

2, 36

83
Q

a mm _____ is much longer than a single action potential and consist of 3 phases. What’re the phases

A

twitch,
1. latent
2. contraction
3. refraction

84
Q

as the frequency of mm stimulation increases the length of the mm fiber doesn’t have enough time to return to it’s normal length and therefore each consecutive contraction becomes _______ and can eventually result in incomplete or unfused _______. If the frequency is so fast the mm fibers don’t relax at all you end up with ______ or ____ tetanus

A

stronger, tetanus, complete, fused

85
Q

4 types of mm contractions. Describe each type of mm contraction

A

isotonic: mm tension remains constant while mm length changes
concentric: shortening mm
eccentric: lengthening mm
isometric: mm doesn’t change it’s length (holding object in place or holding position)

86
Q

3 types of mm fibers

A
  1. slow oxidative: slow contraction but resistant to fatigue, endurance mms, generate ATP aerobically
  2. fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers: contract quickly and somewhat resistance to fatigue, generate ATP aerobically and anaerobically
  3. fast glycolytic fibers: fastest and most powerful contraction but fatigues easily, generates ATP anaerobically
87
Q

endurance training is _______ and strength training is _______

A

aerobic, anaerobic

88
Q

disorders of mms (6)

A

fibromyalgia
muscular dystrophy
myasthenia gravis
myositis ossificans
spasms/cramps
strains

AP 100 (11 decks)

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