Ch. 3: Cell structure (pg.1-9)

Question 1

cell physiology is what

Answer 1

the study of the function of the cell

Question 2

3 main components of a cell

Answer 2

plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol + organelles), nucleus

Question 3

organelle

Answer 3

highly organized structures suspended in cytosol specialized for certain cellular activities

Question 4

cytosol

Answer 4

thick, semi-fluid portion of cytoplasm which includes soluble proteins and enzymes, nutrients, ions, and other sm. mlcs

Question 5

the cell membrane is ______ ______, meaning it only allows certain substances _______ it

Answer 5

selectively permeable, across

Question 6

what mlcs. are found in cell membrane

Answer 6

proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates (w/ proteins or lipids)

Question 7

why is the cell membrane said to be a fluid mosaic

Answer 7

b/c it’s composed of many sm. parts fitting together that move around or “float” around

Question 8

what’re the funcs. of a cell (7)

Answer 8

regulation of transport of substances across their surface, transport of substances b/w cells, production of proteins, cell. resp., other anabolic and catabolic rxns., waste removal, movement of cells or parts of the cell

Question 9

phospholipids possess polar and non-polar ends and is said to be ______

Answer 9

amphipathic

Question 10

phospholipids form a _______ with the lipid tails forming the inside of the layer b/c they’re ______ (or non-polar), and the phosphorous/glycerol heads forming the outsides of the layer b/c they’re _______ (or polar)

Answer 10

bilayer, hydrophobic, hydrophilic

Question 11

three lipids found in cell membrane

Answer 11

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

Question 12

name organelles

Answer 12

nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi body, lysosome, mitochondria, centrosomes, cytoskeleton

Question 13

proteins in membrane (2)

Answer 13

integral and peripheral

Question 14

integral proteins are also known as

Answer 14

transmembrane proteins

Question 15

an integral protein that consists of a sugar and protein

Answer 15

glycoprotein

Question 16

______ proteins are found of the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are attached to ______ proteins

Answer 16

peripheral, integral

Question 17

funcs. of membrane proteins (6)

Answer 17

channels, transporters/carriers, receptors, enzymes, linker, cell ID markers

Question 18

ions and mlcs. move down the _____ _____

Answer 18

concentration gradient

Question 19

3 major criteria for membrane transport

Answer 19

energy requirement, requirement for transport protein, vesicular transport

Question 20

_____ is specifically the diffusion of ____

Answer 20

osmosis, water

Question 21

5 membrane transport mechanisms

Answer 21

passive, active, phagocytosis (endocytosis), exocytosis, transcytosis

Question 22

3 forms of passive transport

Answer 22

osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion

Question 23

active transport requires ____ to move solutes ______ the concentration gradient. Ex?

Answer 23

ATP, against
Na+/K+ pump

Question 24

cytosol contains ____, such as fat globules and glycogen stores

Answer 24

inclusions

Question 25

ex. of glycolipids

Answer 25

A or B antigens on blood cells

Question 26

phagocytosis means

Answer 26

“cell eating”

Question 27

what does the cytoskeleton do

Answer 27

provides cell with shape, movement, and mechanical support

Question 28

the cytoskeleton is a network of _____ ______ running through cytoplasm

Answer 28

protein fibres

Question 29

3 main components of cytoskeleton

Answer 29

filaments, cilia/flagella, and centrosomes

Question 30

3 filaments and their funcs.

Answer 30

microfilaments- structure to cell (made of actin)
intermediate filaments- support and anchoring of organelles
microtubules- shape and support of cell, and monorail sys., made of tubulin

Question 31

a ligand is a blanket term for _______ and it _____ to receptors

Answer 31

neurotransmitters, binds

Question 32

what does the “monorail” sys. of microtubules do

Answer 32

facilitates mvt of organelles and mitotic spindle during mitosis

Question 33

dense areas of cytoplasm near nucleus

Answer 33

centrosomes

Question 34

centrosome struct.

Answer 34

pericentriolar region on the outside and centrioles inside

Question 35

come from the nucleolus and build proteins

Answer 35

ribosomes

Question 36

feats. of smooth ER

Answer 36

detoxifies drugs and pesticides, synth. of fatty acids and phospholipids

Question 37

specialized smooth ER in skel. mm responsible for calcium ion release and uptake during mm contractions

Answer 37

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

what does rough ER do

Answer 38

synth. of secretory proteins and membrane proteins

Question 39

feats. of golgi body

Answer 39

made of cisterns (flattened bags of membranes) surrounded by tiny vesicles, ships proteins and lipids to cell membrane

Question 40

feats. of lysosomes

Answer 40

vesicles containing digestive enzymes to recycle dysfunctional cell part, digest macromlcs. like carbs and proteins, perform autolysis during programmed cell death

Question 41

white blood cells make use of ______ during phagocytosis to digest foreign organisms

Answer 41

lysosomes

Question 42

Tay-Sachs disease is a disorder of ______ func.

Answer 42

lysosome

Question 43

mitochondria produce ATP through _____ cellular respiration

Answer 43

aerobic

Question 44

mitochondrial _____ is contained by the inner membrane

Answer 44

matrix

Question 45

nucleus

Answer 45

the control center of cell

Question 46

the ____ ____ is made of a phospholipid bilayer with pores

Answer 46

nuclear envelope

Question 47

3 feats of mitochondria

Answer 47

makes ATP, replicate themselves inside cell, and have their own DNA

Question 48

feats of nucleus

Answer 48

DNA inside, double membrane with pores, and chromatin–>chromosomes