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AP 100 > Ch. 2 (pg 1-13) > Flashcards

Ch. 2 (pg 1-13) Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry is the science of what

A

basic substances

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2
Q

common ions in body

A

Na+, Cl-, H+, HCO3- (bicarbonate), K+

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3
Q

most common elements in the body

A

C, H, O, N

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4
Q

what is a covalent bond

A

2 or more atoms share e- to become stable.

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5
Q

ionic bond

A

1 atom takes e- from other atom to satisfy both their valence shells. Now, being oppositely charged, they’re attracted to each other

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6
Q

what is energy

A

capacity to do work

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7
Q

chem. bond

A

force that holds atoms together creating stable mlc. or compound

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8
Q

what is a mlc.

A

2 or more atoms share e- and become stable

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9
Q

chem. rxn.

A

the breaking or making of chem. bonds between atoms

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10
Q

in solution salts dissociate into ions. what do we call them. they carry ______

A

electrolytes, electricity

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11
Q

OH- is ______

A

basic OR alkaline

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12
Q

H+ is _____

A

acidic

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13
Q

pH is the measure of ____
concentration in a solution

A

H+

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14
Q

what to buffers do

A

prevent big swings of pH in system

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15
Q

pH of blood plasma

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

cohesion

A

tendency of mlcs. to stick together

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17
Q

water mlcs. link together resulting in high _______ ____

A

surface tension

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18
Q

what is dehydration synth.

A

the removal of a H2O mlc. to create a bond.
2 monomers—-> 1 polymer

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19
Q

hydrolysis

A

the addition of a H2O mlc. to break a bond

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20
Q

the sum of all chem. rxn. in body

A

metabolism

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21
Q

anabolism

A

the creation of complex mlcs. (macros) from monomers

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22
Q

catabolism

A

the breaking down of polymers into monomers

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23
Q

describe chem. energy

A

energy released or absorbed in breaking or forming of bonds

24
Q

radiant energy

A

energy that travels in waves
solar, heat, light

25
Q

electrical energy

A

energy from flow of e- or ions

26
Q

carbs subdivided into

A

monosaccharides
di “
poly “

27
Q

3 common monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

28
Q

the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP

A

cellular respiration

29
Q

organic mlcs. have _____

A

carbon

30
Q

name 4 organic compounds in our bodies

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

31
Q

whats a free radical

A

an atom with an unpaired e- in outer valence, they’re unstable atoms that can damage cells

32
Q

3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

33
Q

3 disaccharides

A

lactose, sucrose, maltose

34
Q

lactose is made of _____ and ______

A

glucose and galactose

35
Q

sucrose is made of ____ and ____

A

glucose and fructose

36
Q

maltose is made of ____ and ____

A

2 glucoses

37
Q

4 lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (includes cholesterol), and lipoproteins

38
Q

lipid mlcs. contain 3 elements

A

C, H, and O

39
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides

A

glycogen (animals), starch (plants), and cellulose

40
Q

what’s the structure of a triglyceride (composition)

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

41
Q

saturated fats have _____ bonds

A

single bonds

42
Q

monounsaturated fats have a ____ bond

A

double

43
Q

polyunsaturated fats have ___ ____ bonds

A

2 or more double

44
Q

the addition of a H atom to an unsaturated fat to break the double bond and turn it into a saturated fat

A

hydrogenated fat (trans fat)

45
Q

amphipathic

A

possess a non-polar and polar end

46
Q

anabolic steroids are derived from _____

A

testosterone

47
Q

proteins are a ____ shape

A

3D

48
Q

2 amino acids (aa)=
3 aas=
4-10 aas=
11+ aas=

A

dipeptide
tripeptide
peptide
polypeptide chain

49
Q

in environments that are too hot, acidic, or salty, proteins can be ______

A

denatured

50
Q

substrate binds to enzyme at the ____ ____. If it’s a snug (lock and key) fit, it’s called an _____ fit

A

active site, induced

51
Q

_____ _______ affect enzyme activity

A

enzyme inhibitors

52
Q

segments of DNA are ____

A

genes

53
Q

what does mRNA do

A

copies DNA in nucleus and travels to ribosomes in cytoplasm to make proteins that are coded for in DNA

54
Q

what’re nucleotides

A

monomers of nucleic acids

55
Q

3 parts of nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar (5 C ring), phosphate group

56
Q

nitrogen bases in DNA and RNA

A

DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

57
Q

aerobic or anaerobic respiration produces more ATP?

A

aerobic

AP 100 (11 decks)

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