ch 6

Question 1

organizations that are joined to fill a specific material need

Answer 1

utilitarian organizations

Question 2

a three-member group

Answer 2

triad

Question 3

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

Answer 3

total institution

Question 4

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Answer 4

secondary groups

Question 5

groups to which an individual compares herself

Answer 5

reference groups

Question 6

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

Answer 6

primary groups

Question 7

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

Answer 7

out-group

Question 8

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

Answer 8

normative or voluntary organizations

Question 9

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

Answer 9

meritocracy

Question 10

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

Answer 10

McDonaldization of Society

Question 11

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

Answer 11

leadership style

Question 12

the main focus or goal of a leader

Answer 12

leadership function

Question 13

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

Answer 13

laissez-faire leader

Question 14

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

Answer 14

Iron Rule of Oligarchy

Question 15

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

Answer 15

instrumental leader

Question 16

being oriented toward a task or goal

Answer 16

instrumental function

Question 17

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

Answer 17

in-group

Question 18

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

Answer 18

impersonality

Question 19

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

Answer 19

hierarchy of authority

Question 20

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

Answer 20

group

Question 21

large, impersonal organizations

Answer 21

formal organizations

Question 22

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing

Answer 22

expressive leader

Question 23

a group function that serves an emotional need

Answer 23

expressive function

Question 24

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

Answer 24

explicit rules

Question 25

a two-member group

Answer 25

dyad

Question 26

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

Answer 26

democratic leader

Question 27

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

Answer 27

conformity

Question 28

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

Answer 28

coercive organizations

Question 29

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

Answer 29

clear division of labor

Question 30

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

Answer 30

category

Question 31

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.

Answer 31

bureaucracies

Question 32

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

Answer 32

authoritarian leader

Question 33

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity

Answer 33

aggregate