ch 3

Question 1

a belief that another culture is superior to one’s own

Answer 1

xenocentrism

Question 2

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

Answer 2

values

Question 3

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

Answer 3

symbols

Question 4

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

Answer 4

subcultures

Question 5

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

Answer 5

society

Question 6

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

Answer 6

social control

Question 7

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

Answer 7

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Question 8

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

Answer 8

sanctions

Question 9

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

Answer 9

real culture

Question 10

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

Answer 10

popular culture

Question 11

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

Answer 11

norms

Question 12

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

Answer 12

nonmaterial culture

Question 13

the moral views and principles of a group

Answer 13

mores

Question 14

the objects or belongings of a group of people

Answer 14

material culture

Question 15

a symbolic system of communication

Answer 15

language

Question 16

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

Answer 16

inventions

Question 17

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

Answer 17

innovations

Question 18

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

Answer 18

informal norms

Question 19

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

Answer 19

ideal culture

Question 20

the cultural patterns of a society’s elite

Answer 20

high culture

Question 21

the integration of international trade and finance markets

Answer 21

globalization

Question 22

established, written rules

Answer 22

formal norms

Question 23

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

Answer 23

folkways

Question 24

the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

Answer 24

ethnocentrism

Question 25

things and ideas found from what already exists

Answer 25

discoveries

Question 26

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

Answer 26

diffusion

Question 27

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

Answer 27

culture shock

Question 28

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

Answer 28

culture lag

Question 29

shared beliefs, values, and practices

Answer 29

culture

Question 30

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

Answer 30

cultural universals

Question 31

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

Answer 31

cultural relativism

Question 32

the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

Answer 32

cultural imperialism

Question 33

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

Answer 33

countercultures

Question 34

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

Answer 34

beliefs