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Criminal justice systems > ch 6 > Flashcards

ch 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The proportion of the actual incidents known to the police that result in the identification of a suspect, whether or not that suspect is ultimately charged and convicted.

A

Clearance rates

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2
Q

The relocation—due to effective crime prevention and crime response initiatives—of criminal activity from one locale to another.

A

Crime displacement

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3
Q

Professional model of policing

A

A model of police work that is reactive, incident-driven, and centred on random patrol.

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4
Q

Community policing

A

A philosophy of policing centred on police–community partnerships and problem-solving.

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5
Q

Community-based strategic policing

A

A model of police work that incorporates the key principles of community policing with crime prevention, crime response, and crime attack approaches.

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6
Q

professional model: authority

A

statue

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7
Q

professional model: community role

A

report violations of the law; passive; no involvement in identification and response to crime and disorder

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8
Q

professional model: operational strategies

A

random patrol: reactive investigations; rapid response

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9
Q

professional model: administrative approach

A

centralized/hiercharchal

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10
Q

community-based strategic model: administrative approach

A

decentralized w strong management and organizational support

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11
Q

community-based strategic model: authority

A

community/statue

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12
Q

community-based strategic model: community role

A

strategic partnerships, formalized by protocols and agreements, which integrate into police operations

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13
Q

community-based strategic model: operational focus

A

crime and disorder; national security; quality of life; fear of crime and disorder

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14
Q

community-based strategic model: operational strategies

A

targeted/directed patrol focused on hot spots; strategic partnerships: integrated service delivery; intelligence-led policing; ongoing evaluation; problem-based deployment of personnel

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15
Q

Policing that is guided by the collection and analysis of information that is used to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and strategic levels.

A

Intelligence-led policing

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16
Q

A strategy designed to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives.

A

Compstat

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17
Q

Predictive policing

A

The use of statistical analysis to identify the time and location where criminal activity is likely to occur.

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18
Q

Secondary crime prevention programs

A

Programs that focus on areas that produce crime and disorder.
- Info-based to deter

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19
Q

Tertiary crime prevention programs

A

Programs designed to prevent youth and adults from reoffending.

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20
Q

primary crime prevention programs examples

A
  • Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)
  • closed circuit television (CCTV)
  • neighbourhood watch
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21
Q

Primary crime prevention programs

A

Programs that identify opportunities for criminal offences and alter those conditions to reduce the likelihood that a crime will be committed.

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22
Q

secondary crime prevention program examples

A
  • Drug Abuse School-based programs(D.A.R.E)
  • Police school liaison officer programs
  • community mobilization
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23
Q

Broken windows approach ( James Q. Wilson & George L. Kelling)

A

The view that if minor crimes are left unaddressed in an environment, more serious crime will emerge.

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24
Q

Zero-tolerance policing

A

A crime response strategy centred on the premise that a strict order-maintenance approach by the police will reduce more serious criminal activity.

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25
Q

Quality-of-life policing

A

Police efforts to improve conditions in an area by targeting disruptive and annoying behaviour.

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26
Q

Problem-oriented policing (POP)

A

A tactical strategy based on the idea that the police should address the causes of recurrent crime and disorder.

27
Q

Crime attack strategies

A

Proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminal offenders.

28
Q

Examples of crime response strategies

A

1) Problem-oriented policing (POP)
2) Broken windows theory
3) zero-tolerance/quality-of-life policing

29
Q

examples of crime attack strategies

A

1) Tactical-directed patrol
2) Hot spot policing
3) Foot patrols

30
Q

what influenced zero-tolerance/quality of life policing

A

broken windows

31
Q

tactical directed patrol

A
  • aggressive
  • high crime areas
  • location-focused
  • person (offender)- oriented
32
Q

Hot spot policing

A

-police focus on areas with high concentration of crime & disorder as well as high risk of criminal victimization

33
Q

Foot patrol

A

-officers are encouraged to patrol on foot

34
Q

In Canada, it is estimated that only 1 in ___ incidents of sexual assault are reported to the police.

A

20

35
Q

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls encompasses what 3 goals/

A

(1) finding the truth
(2) honouring the truth
(3) giving life to the truth as a path to healing.” As part of its mandate, the commission will examine the role of police investigations

36
Q

Professional Model of Policing is based on what 3 R’s?

A
  1. Random patrol (watch system)
  2. Rapid Response
  3. Reactive investigation
37
Q

reactive model is driven by ____

A

calls for service rather than attempts to gather information for long term analysis

38
Q

Sir Robert Peel introduced what?

A

the patrol function of policing in the early 1800’s

39
Q

What 3 things did Sir Robert Peel believe?

A
  1. Deterrence of crime
  2. maintenance of public order and a feeling of security
  3. 24 hr provision of services not directly related to crime
40
Q

incident-driven patrol

A

Role of police is primarily to respond to citizen calls for help

41
Q

7 functions of incident driven patrol

A
  1. Deter crime by maintaining visible police presence
  2. Maintain public order within patrol areas
  3. Enable police departments to respond quickly to law violations
  4. Identify & apprehend law violators
  5. Aid people & care for those who can’t help themselves
  6. Facilitate movement of traffic & people
  7. Obtain statements from crime victims & witnesses
42
Q

Community Policing

A

Philosophy of policing centered on police-community partnerships & problem solving (Adopted in the 80s)

43
Q

purpose of community policing

A
  • police assume an active role in the community

- combat crime & focus on improving the quality of life & reducing fear of crime among community

44
Q

Community Policing is based on what 3 P’s

A
  1. Prevention
  2. Problem-solving
  3. Partnership
45
Q

Community-Based Strategic Policing

A

(Emerged in the 90s) Incorporates the key principals of community policing with crime prevention, crime response & crime attack approaches

46
Q

examples of community-based strategic policing

A
  • compstat
  • environmental scans
  • intelligence-led policing
  • predictive policing
47
Q

Environmental scans

A

Study of demographic factors in each jurisdiction designed to identify future trends & challenges that the police may face in that area

48
Q

Intelligence-Led Policing

A

Guided by the collection of data & systemic anal of info that is used to inform police decision-making at the tactical & strategic level

49
Q

Predictive Policing

A

Use of stat anal to identify the time & location of where crime is likely to occur

50
Q

Crime Prevention Programs

A

Designed to disrupt potential crime by identifying the conditions & opportunities that lead to crime & removing / altering the conditions

51
Q

3 approaches in crime prevention

A
  1. primary crime prevention programs
  2. secondary crime prevention programs
  3. tertiary crime prevention programs
52
Q

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

A

Focuses on the physical urban & landscape design to reduce opportunities for crime

53
Q

Oscar Newmans book Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban design argues

A

that the physical design of a neighborhood can provide / deny opportunities for crime

54
Q

4 elements of crime prevention through environmental design

A
  1. territorial
  2. natural surveillance
  3. image
  4. Milieu
55
Q

natural surveillance

A

Exploiting aspects of physical space to increase surveillance / the sense an area is being observed

56
Q

Milieu

A

surroundings of an area & using those surroundings to make space more defensible

57
Q

crime response strategies

A

Represent the specific responses to crime & crime reduction, asks “What is the best way to respond to crime?

58
Q

Crime Mapping

A

(Pawned by Paul & Patricia Brantingham) Spatial anal of crime patterns in a geographic local using geographic info systems software

59
Q

examples of crime mapping

A
  • SHOP
  • MDRT
  • ROPE
  • IPPI
60
Q

Community Notification

A

Practice of advising the media, crime victims & public when certain offenders are released

61
Q

the effectiveness of police is measured by what 2 things

A

Crime Rates: Official police-reported crime

Clearance Rates: Proportion of the actual incidents known to police that result in identification of suspect

62
Q

anonymous

A

Use the Internet as a platform to hold alleged offenders and the CJS accountable
Unknown in size and are distinguished by their Guy Fawkes masks
They identify people through doxing / an online “treasure hunt” searching for clues in online sources

63
Q

Creep Catchers

A

Pose as underage youth on the internet to catch child predators
When an adult responds, a meeting is set for a public place, at which time members of Creep Catchers confront the person, recording the encounter as evidence for the police
Have been criticized for violating the privacy rights of citizens, whereas others have praised the group as providing a service to the community and protecting potential victims

Criminal justice systems (10 decks)

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