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Criminal justice systems > Ch 4&5 > Flashcards

Ch 4&5 Flashcards

1
Q

Racial profiling

A

Based on stereotypical assumptions about persons or groups of persons who are deemed more likely to engage in criminal behavior

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2
Q

Based on objective evidence of wrongdoing by an individual

A

Criminal profiling

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3
Q

Police stops / searches for a minor reason that are used for more intrusive intervention

A

Pretext policing

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4
Q

Disproportionate police focus on a racialized population / neighborhood

A

Over-policing

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5
Q

Requirement that police make decisions based on reasonable suspicion and probable grounds rather than based on stereotypes about race, religion, ethnicity, gender, etc.

A

Bias-free policing

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6
Q

Occupational stress injuries

A

Physical &/or mental conditions in police caused by their organizational and operational experiences on the job

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7
Q

Operational field training:

A

Instructing the recruit how to apply principles from the training academy in the community (2nd component of training)

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8
Q

PTSD

A

Extreme form of critical incident stress that includes nightmares, hypervigilance, intrusive thoughts / other forms of psychological distress

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9
Q

Preferred qualifications recruitment and training of police:

A

Requirements that increase the competitiveness of applicants seeking employment in policing

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10
Q

Basic qualifications recruitment and training of police

A

Min requirements for candidates applying for employment in policing (Ex: Canadian citizenship, a minimum age of 19 physical fitness, grade 12 education and no criminal record)

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11
Q

Principle of Accountability:

A

Actions of police and services are subject to review > There are formal channels a person can use to lodge a complaint

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12
Q

Police Deviance

A

Police activities that are inconsistent with the officer’s legal authority, organization authority and standards of ethical conduct

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13
Q

Two categories that police deviance falls into- Goff

A
  1. Occupational Deviance: 2. Abuse of Authority
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14
Q

Occupational Deviance:

A

Criminal and non-criminal behavior committed during normal work activities

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15
Q

Abuse of Authority

A

Use of various types of extra-legal force in interactions with citizens

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16
Q

Roots of police misconduct:

A
  1. Rotten Apples View

2. Experience-Problem Behaviour Curve

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17
Q

Rotten Apples View

A

Most police deviance is accounted for by a handful of “rotten apples” that do not reflect their colleagues / the larger occupation / culture

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18
Q

Experience-Problem Behaviour Curve

A
  • tend to be young & inexperienced

- more likely to engage in misconduct where they have initiated a proactive policing encounter w a citizen

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19
Q

Recipes for action

A

Actions typically taken by patrol officers in various kinds of encounter situations

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20
Q

Typification’s

A

Constructs based on a patrol officer’s experience that denote what is typical about people and events routinely encountered

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21
Q

Discretion

A

Freedom of police to use their judgement and choose among options when confronted with the need to decide

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22
Q

Goff states that police consider 3 factors in their day-to-day operations:

A
  1. Type & Seriousness of crime
  2. Attitude of citizen
  3. Policing standards & departmental policies that limit the use of discretion in certain situations
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23
Q

Griffiths provides other factors that influence police decision:

A
  1. Policing task environment
  2. Person of interest
  3. Individual police officer
  4. Complainant preference
  5. Seriousness of the offence
  6. Law / policy priorities
  7. Visibility of the decision
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24
Q

Arrest warrant

A

Document that permits police to arrest a specific person for a specified reason

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25
Information
Written statement sworn by an informant, normally a police officer, alleging that a person has committed a specific criminal offence
26
Police officers can arrest a suspect without an arrest warrant in the following circumstances:
- They have caught a person in the act of committing an offence - They believe, on reasonable grounds, that a person has committed an indictable offence - They believe, on reasonable grounds, that a person is about to commit an indictable offence
27
Additional conditions applied in making an arrest:
- Officer must not make an arrest if they have “no reasonable grounds” to believe that the person will fail to appear in court - Officer must believe on “reasonable grounds” that an arrest is “necessary in the public interest.”
28
Arrests are usually only made in cases of ____offences
indictable
29
To obtain a search warrant you must provide:
Evidence relating to an act in violation of the Criminal Code or other federal statute Evidence that might exist in relation to such a violation Evidence intended to be used to commit an offence against a person for which an individual may be arrested without a warrant
30
Search warrant
Document that permits the police to search a specific location and take items that might be evidence of a crime
31
search warrants are required in cases..
Where there is to be secret recording of conversations by state agents In cases involving video surveillance For perimeter searches of residential premises Before the installation of tracking devices to monitor people’s movements
32
Entrapment
A person commits an offence they would not otherwise have committed, as a result of pressure / cunning on the part of the police
33
Mr. Big Practice
Practice where an undercover police officer approaches a suspect of a serious crime and describes an imaginary criminal organization in an attempt to persuade the suspect to join
34
Working Personality of Police
Set of attitudinal and behavioral attributes that develop because of the unique role and activities they have
35
Collective exposure to these conditions gives rise to a culture defined by certain attitudes, beliefs and values:
1. Police are the only real crime-fighters 2. No one else understands the real nature of police work 3. Loyalty to colleagues counts above everything else 4. It is impossible to win the war against crime w/o bending the rules 5. The public is unsupportive and unreasonably demanding 6. Patrol work is the pits
36
Jerome Skolnick suggest that police experience stress in 2 areas:
1. Police Officer-Citizen Relationship: | 2. Police Officer-Supervisor Relationship:
37
Occupational Culture
Rules, practices and principles of conduct that are situationally applied and generated rationales and beliefs
38
Made up of community & city council members responsible for the managing of the police budget, hiring of the chief constable and negotiating collective agreements with police labor associations
Police Boards
39
Policing Standards:
Provisions that are supplemental to the police acts and set out how police services will be maintained and delivered
40
Police Acts
Provide the basic legislative framework for the structure of police forces and outline police operations
41
Police Governance
1. Police forces are to be free from political interference 2. However, we need mechanisms to ensure police accountability in instances where officers fail to behave in accordance with the law
42
2 perspectives on The Role of Policing:
1. Social Contract Perspective | 2. Radical Perspective
43
Social Contract Perspective
Police are a politically neutral force that acts to enforce the law and protect the public
44
Radical Perspective
Police are an instrument used by the gov and powerful interests suppress opinions, stifle protest and help maintain the status quo
45
The Crime Fighter
Holds emphasis on crime control focusing on serious crime > They believe that a “thin blue line” exists with law enforcement being the only thing standing between order and chaos
46
The Law Enforcer
Takes the legal / authoritarian power of policing > Public disruptions / law violations are dealt with formally meaning all suspects are arrested and charged
47
The Watchman
Holds emphasis on public order and tolerance > Focus on restoration in public disputes rather than the use of police authority to resolve &/ arrest
48
The Social Agent
Views police work as involving a range of activities that extend beyond law enforcement > View themselves as problem solvers who work with the community
49
3 forms of policing
1. crime control 2. order maintenance 3. crime prevention and services
50
Crime Control
Responding to and investigating crimes
51
Order Maintenance
Maintenance and resolution of public disputes and peacekeeping during protests
52
Crime Prevention and Services
Formation and maintenance of relationships with community stakeholders and services
53
Political Policing
Secretive police investigative activities and surveillance of people deemed to be a threat to the status quo
54
Core Policing
(Aka Quality of Life Policing) Police play a multifaceted role in the community
55
Pluralization of Police
Sharing of responsibility for safety and security in the community between public and private police
56
5 Force Options Framework:
1. Officer presence 2. dialogue 3. empty hands 4. compliance tools 5. lethal force
57
Empty hands
Physical force is used to gain control
58
Compliance tools
Equipment / weapons are used to gain control
59
Lethal force
Situation requires complete incapacitation of the subject in order to gain control
60
Defining roles of the police
1. Authority of the police | 2. Authority to use force
61
Key values that framework policing
1. Justice 2. Equality 3. Accountability 4. Efficiency
62
Police organization (hint: 6)
1. operational patrol 2. investigative 3. support services 4. administrative 5. human resources 6. research & planning
63
2 main types of private security:
1. Security firms that sell their services to businesses, industries, private residences and neighborhoods 2. Companies that employ their own in-house security officer
64
Private Security & Parapolice Services ex
Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service, Canadian National Railway Police Service, Transit Police Forces, etc.
65
Indigenous Police Services:
- Enforce the CC, federal & provincial statues and band bylaws - Communities have the option of developing an autonomous, reserve-based police force / using Native officers from the RCMP / provincial police
66
Municiple Police Service
Provide Policing within a city’s boundaries -enforce criminal code, provincial statue, and municipal bylaws, as well as certain federal statues such as the controlled drugs and substances act
67
Regional Police Service
Made up of several independent police departments that form into a single larger police organization
68
Contract Policing
Arrangement where RCMP provides provincial and municipal policing services
69
Provincial Level of Policing ex
(1) OPP (2) Surete du Quebec (3) Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
70
Provincial Level of Policing
- Responsible for law enforcement in rural areas and areas just outside municipalities and cities - Enforce provincial laws and the Criminal Code - Can provide contract policing
71
RCMP Police Act
Piece of federal legislation that provides the framework for the operation of the RCMP
72
RCMP organization
Organized into 16 divisions, 14 are operational, organized into 4 regions: Pacific, NW, Central and Atlantic
73
federal level of policing
RCMP | -Enforce most federal statutes
74
north-west mounted police (1873)
Inspired by the Royal Irish Constabulary, would later be adopted by municipal forces
75
Canadian Context
- 1st emerged in Quebec settlements in the 1600s based of French policing - Mid-1800s municipal police forces began to emerge in larger cities (Toronto, Halifax, Hamilton and Winnipeg)
76
Hue and Cry
Requirement that all able-bodied men were expected to assist with maintaining order in the community (Crime control)
77
Tythings
Men as young as 15 were organized into groups of 10 families
78
Tythingman
Each tything had a tythingman who was charged with the responsibility of keeping order
79
in the 1700s_______established the 1st modern police force of England, consisting of paid constables, equipped with handcuffs and uniforms
Henry Fielding
80
1829 _____established the 1st full time police force located in London The Peel Metropolitan Police Act, consisted of 1000 unarmed police officers (Aka the Bobbies)
Sir Robert Peel
81
The early municipal police forces generally had a three-part mandate:
(1) to police conflicts between ethnic groups, and between labourers and their employers; (2) to maintain moral standards by enforcing laws against drunkenness, prostitution, and gambling; and (3) to apprehend criminals
82
Pretext policing
Police stops or searches for a minor reason that are used for more intrusive intervention.

Criminal justice systems (10 decks)

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