Ch. 6 Flashcards
Anatomy and physiology
There are two ways to help locate organs and structures in a human body
Visualizing and Topography (Using landmarks like joints, notches or bumps)
What is Anatomy
The study of the body structure
What is physiology
The study of body function
Thyroid Cartilage
Also known as the Adams apple - A wing shaped plate which sits exterior to the larynx
Musculoskeletal system
The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
Muscles
Tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part
Ligaments
Tissue that connects bone to bone
Tendons
Tissue which connects muscle to bone
How many bones does the human body have
around 270 at birth then reduced down to 206 by age 21
Respiratory
Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
Cardiovascular
Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen and wastes
Three main types of joints
Fibrous (immovable) Teeth, Cartilaginous (partially moveable) spine and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint
There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available
The Hinge - Found by elbows and knees The pivot point - allows rotation of the neck Ball in socket- Shoulder / hip Saddle- CMC joint of the thumb Condyloid- Wrist Gliding - Intercarpal joint
There are 5 types of bones
These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones.
Long Bone
Femur, Humerus, and Tibia but are also some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges.
Short Bone
Bones approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals - the wrist and foot bones
Flat Bones
strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breastbone), Cranium (skull), ilium (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs
irregular bones
bones in the body which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum, and Mandible (lower jaw)
sesamoid bones
bones are usually short or irregular bones, embedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap)
Three types of muscles
Cardiac, Skeletal and smooth
Cardiac muscles
found only in the myocardium, contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat
Skeletal muscles
Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.
Smooth Muscles
found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue
What structures the Respiratory system
The Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tube Lungs
The Nasal Cavity
The nasal cavity is the inside of your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won’t get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.
What is the Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine
What is Pharynx
The pharynx is commonly called the throat. It is a passageway in the head and neck that is part of both the digestive system and the respiratory system. The pharynx connects the nose, mouth and throat to each other
What is Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx is the upper part of the pharynx. It is connected to the nose and is separated from the mouth by the soft area at the back of the roof of the mouth
What is Oropharynx
The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx. It starts at the soft palate and goes down to the back (base) of the tongue
What is the Hypopharynx
The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx. It is also called the laryngopharynx. It starts at the epiglottis and goes down to the top of the esophagus. The hypopharynx is behind and on each side of the larynx.
What does the pharynx do
The pharynx allows you to swallow, breathe and speak.
What happens when you’re swallowing
The oropharynx is a passageway for food that you swallow. The walls of the oropharynx and hypopharynx have muscles that help move food from the mouth to the esophagus.
What happens when you breath
The nasopharynx allows air to flow from the nose through the rest of the pharynx, larynx and trachea (windpipe) and then into the lungs.
What happens when you speak
When you speak, the muscles and the walls of the pharynx vibrate as air is forced from the larynx. These vibrations are turned into sounds by the mouth, lips and tongue.
What is the Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach
What is the Larynx
the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.
What is Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema is a condition in which the lungs fill with fluid. It’s also known as lung congestion, lung water.
What is the function of the Respiratory system
It obtains Oxygen and removes Carbon dioxide from the body
How does the body obtain oxygen
Oxygen enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the blood. The oxygen is carried around the body in blood vessels. Carbon dioxide moves into the blood capillaries and is brought to the lungs to be released into the air during exhalation
After oxygen passes through the Larynx and Trachea, it enters into two ______
Bronchial tubes
What is an Alveoli
alveoli’s are small sacs surrounded by capillaries
What is the Capillaries
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
What is the Epiglottis
A leaf shaped structure that prevents food or other foreign objects from entering the trachea
What is the Diaphragm
A Muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal. It is controlled by the phrenic nerve
What happens through inhalation
The muscles contract expanding the chest cavity creating negative pressure. Negative pressure pulls air into the lungs
What happens through exaltation
The muscles relax causing the diaphragm to return back into the chest cavity moving air out of the lungs
What is Ventilation
The movement of gases to and from the alveoli
Where does the oxygenated blood moved to
Moves to the heart
What is the Cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart and blood vessels like the arteries and veins
The heart has a total of _____ chambers
4 chambers
two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles
What is ATRIA
Atria are the two upper chambers of the heart. the right Atrium receives unoxygenated blood and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
What is VENTRICLES
Ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart
The right ventricle sends blood with waste to the lungs and the left ventricle sends rich oxygen to the body
Oxygen in the alveoli crosses what tissues to defuse onto Capilaries
Epithelium tissues then endothelium tissues lining the capillaries
Capilaries are also known as the ____
Bridge from the alveoli to the blood cells
When the right ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out to the lungs via what arteries
Pulmonary arteries
Rich Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs into the
Left Atrium through pulmonary veins
When the heart contracts, it is pumping oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the
Aorta
What is the Aorta
The bodies largest Artery
What is the Cardiac conduction system
A system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat
The impulses and chemicals such as _____ are released from the brain into the blood and controls of the heart rate and strength of the contractions
Epinephrine
What is an Artery
Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
From the Aorta, the _____ branches of to supply blood to the heart muscles
Coronary arteries
Explain the process of blood flow from left ventricle through aorta
Blood pumps into the aorta from the left ventricle Superior (towards the head) then arches inferiorly (Away from the head) in front of the spine through the thoracic and abdominal cavities
What is thoracic
relating to the thorax.
What is Iliac arteries
relating to the ilium or the nearby regions of the lower body.
What is the Pulmonary artery
Begins at the right ventricle which carries poor oxygenated blood tot he lungs and back to the heart
Carotid artery
Main artery that carries blood to the head
Brachial artery
main artery in the upper arm. used to check pulses on infants
Femoral artery
Major artery to the thigh. Main source of blood throughout the legs
Radial Artery
Supplies the lower arm. inline with the thumb
_____, which are the smallest branch of the arteries, leads to the capillaries
Arteriole
The smallest veins are called
Venules
There are two Vena Cavae which returns blood to the right atrium. What are they
The Superior Vena Cavae, blood coming from the head and the inferior Vena Cavae, blood coming form the lower portion of the body
What is blood made out of
Plasma
red and white cells
platelets
What is Plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
Makes up more than half the volume of the blood
The plasma carries the red, white blood cells and the platelets
what carries carbon / waste throughout the body
Cells and plasma
What are red blood cells
Components of the blood. carry’s oxygen to and carbon away from the cells
What are white blood cells and where are they formed
White blood cells are components of the blood which creates antibodies to fight of infections and germs
White blood cells are created in both the lymph nodes and the spleen
What are Platelets
Membrane enclosed fragments which created blood clots
Peripheral pulses
The Radial, Branchial, Posterior tibial, and dorsal pedis pulses
Central pulses
The carotid and femoral pulses
Systolic blood pressure
The pressure measured when the blood is forced out of the left ventricle
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure measured when the left ventricle is refilling
Perfusion is
The supply of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of waste from the cells through the flow of blood through the capillaries
Hypoperfusion
Also known as Shock, inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells
Oxygen and glucose are necessary to the cells. The oxygen is used to power Glucose to be converted into ______
ATP
Spleen
Cleanses blood and removes old red blood cells found in the right upper quadrant
Tonsils
protects against pathogens in pharynx
Thymus
Necessary for developing immune system
Lymph nodes
Cleanses lymph fluids
The Nervous system
Consists of the brain, spinal cords, and nerves that governs sensation, movement and thought
Insulin is produced where
The pancreas
