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MFO Emergency Care > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

Anatomy and physiology

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

There are two ways to help locate organs and structures in a human body

A

Visualizing and Topography (Using landmarks like joints, notches or bumps)

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2
Q

What is Anatomy

A

The study of the body structure

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

The study of body function

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4
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Also known as the Adams apple - A wing shaped plate which sits exterior to the larynx

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5
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

The system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

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6
Q

Muscles

A

Tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part

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7
Q

Ligaments

A

Tissue that connects bone to bone

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8
Q

Tendons

A

Tissue which connects muscle to bone

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9
Q

How many bones does the human body have

A

around 270 at birth then reduced down to 206 by age 21

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10
Q

Respiratory

A

Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

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11
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen and wastes

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12
Q

Three main types of joints

A

Fibrous (immovable) Teeth, Cartilaginous (partially moveable) spine and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint

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13
Q

There are 6 types of synovial joints which are classified by the shape of the joint and the movement available

A 
The Hinge - Found by elbows and knees
The pivot point - allows rotation of the neck
Ball in socket- Shoulder / hip
Saddle- CMC joint of the thumb
Condyloid- Wrist
Gliding - Intercarpal joint
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14
Q

There are 5 types of bones

A

These are long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones.

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15
Q

Long Bone

A

Femur, Humerus, and Tibia but are also some of the smallest including the Metacarpals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges.

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16
Q

Short Bone

A

Bones approximately as wide as they are long and have a primary function of providing support and stability with little movement. Examples of short bones are the Carpals and Tarsals - the wrist and foot bones

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17
Q

Flat Bones

A

strong, flat plates of bone with the main function of providing protection to the bodies vital organs and being a base for muscular attachment. The classic example of a flat bone is the Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breastbone), Cranium (skull), ilium (hip bone) Pelvis and Ribs

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18
Q

irregular bones

A

bones in the body which do not fall into any other category, due to their non-uniform shape. Good examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum, and Mandible (lower jaw)

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19
Q

sesamoid bones

A

bones are usually short or irregular bones, embedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap)

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20
Q

Three types of muscles

A

Cardiac, Skeletal and smooth

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21
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

found only in the myocardium, contracts in response to signals from the cardiac conduction system to make the heart beat

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22
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles attach to and move bones by contracting and relaxing in response to voluntary messages from the nervous system.

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23
Q

Smooth Muscles

A

found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body. Smooth muscle contractions are involuntary movements triggered by impulses that travel through the autonomic nervous system to the smooth muscle tissue

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24
Q

What structures the Respiratory system

A 
The Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tube
Lungs
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25
Q

The Nasal Cavity

A

The nasal cavity is the inside of your nose. It is lined with a mucous membrane that helps keep your nose moist by making mucus so you won’t get nosebleeds from a dry nose. There are also little hairs that help filter the air you breathe in, blocking dirt and dust from getting into your lungs.

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26
Q

What is the Esophagus

A

The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. The esophagus is about 8 inches long, and is lined by moist pink tissue called mucosa. The esophagus runs behind the windpipe (trachea) and heart, and in front of the spine

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27
Q

What is Pharynx

A

The pharynx is commonly called the throat. It is a passageway in the head and neck that is part of both the digestive system and the respiratory system. The pharynx connects the nose, mouth and throat to each other

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28
Q

What is Nasopharynx

A

The nasopharynx is the upper part of the pharynx. It is connected to the nose and is separated from the mouth by the soft area at the back of the roof of the mouth

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29
Q

What is Oropharynx

A

The oropharynx is the middle part of the pharynx. It starts at the soft palate and goes down to the back (base) of the tongue

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30
Q

What is the Hypopharynx

A

The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx. It is also called the laryngopharynx. It starts at the epiglottis and goes down to the top of the esophagus. The hypopharynx is behind and on each side of the larynx.

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31
Q

What does the pharynx do

A

The pharynx allows you to swallow, breathe and speak.

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32
Q

What happens when you’re swallowing

A

The oropharynx is a passageway for food that you swallow. The walls of the oropharynx and hypopharynx have muscles that help move food from the mouth to the esophagus.

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33
Q

What happens when you breath

A

The nasopharynx allows air to flow from the nose through the rest of the pharynx, larynx and trachea (windpipe) and then into the lungs.

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34
Q

What happens when you speak

A

When you speak, the muscles and the walls of the pharynx vibrate as air is forced from the larynx. These vibrations are turned into sounds by the mouth, lips and tongue.

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35
Q

What is the Esophagus

A

The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the throat (pharynx) with the stomach

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36
Q

What is the Larynx

A

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

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37
Q

What is Pulmonary edema

A

Pulmonary edema is a condition in which the lungs fill with fluid. It’s also known as lung congestion, lung water.

38
Q

What is the function of the Respiratory system

A

It obtains Oxygen and removes Carbon dioxide from the body

39
Q

How does the body obtain oxygen

A

Oxygen enters the lungs, then passes through the alveoli and into the blood. The oxygen is carried around the body in blood vessels. Carbon dioxide moves into the blood capillaries and is brought to the lungs to be released into the air during exhalation

40
Q

After oxygen passes through the Larynx and Trachea, it enters into two ______

A

Bronchial tubes

41
Q

What is an Alveoli

A

alveoli’s are small sacs surrounded by capillaries

42
Q

What is the Capillaries

A

any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules

43
Q

What is the Epiglottis

A

A leaf shaped structure that prevents food or other foreign objects from entering the trachea

44
Q

What is the Diaphragm

A

A Muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal. It is controlled by the phrenic nerve

45
Q

What happens through inhalation

A

The muscles contract expanding the chest cavity creating negative pressure. Negative pressure pulls air into the lungs

46
Q

What happens through exaltation

A

The muscles relax causing the diaphragm to return back into the chest cavity moving air out of the lungs

47
Q

What is Ventilation

A

The movement of gases to and from the alveoli

48
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood moved to

A

Moves to the heart

49
Q

What is the Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart and blood vessels like the arteries and veins

50
Q

The heart has a total of _____ chambers

A

4 chambers

two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles

51
Q

What is ATRIA

A

Atria are the two upper chambers of the heart. the right Atrium receives unoxygenated blood and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

52
Q

What is VENTRICLES

A

Ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart

The right ventricle sends blood with waste to the lungs and the left ventricle sends rich oxygen to the body

53
Q

Oxygen in the alveoli crosses what tissues to defuse onto Capilaries

A

Epithelium tissues then endothelium tissues lining the capillaries

54
Q

Capilaries are also known as the ____

A

Bridge from the alveoli to the blood cells

55
Q

When the right ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out to the lungs via what arteries

A

Pulmonary arteries

56
Q

Rich Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs into the

A

Left Atrium through pulmonary veins

57
Q

When the heart contracts, it is pumping oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the

A

Aorta

58
Q

What is the Aorta

A

The bodies largest Artery

59
Q

What is the Cardiac conduction system

A

A system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

60
Q

The impulses and chemicals such as _____ are released from the brain into the blood and controls of the heart rate and strength of the contractions

A

Epinephrine

61
Q

What is an Artery

A

Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart

62
Q

From the Aorta, the _____ branches of to supply blood to the heart muscles

A

Coronary arteries

63
Q

Explain the process of blood flow from left ventricle through aorta

A

Blood pumps into the aorta from the left ventricle Superior (towards the head) then arches inferiorly (Away from the head) in front of the spine through the thoracic and abdominal cavities

64
Q

What is thoracic

A

relating to the thorax.

65
Q

What is Iliac arteries

A

relating to the ilium or the nearby regions of the lower body.

66
Q

What is the Pulmonary artery

A

Begins at the right ventricle which carries poor oxygenated blood tot he lungs and back to the heart

67
Q

Carotid artery

A

Main artery that carries blood to the head

68
Q

Brachial artery

A

main artery in the upper arm. used to check pulses on infants

69
Q

Femoral artery

A

Major artery to the thigh. Main source of blood throughout the legs

70
Q

Radial Artery

A

Supplies the lower arm. inline with the thumb

71
Q

_____, which are the smallest branch of the arteries, leads to the capillaries

A

Arteriole

72
Q

The smallest veins are called

A

Venules

73
Q

There are two Vena Cavae which returns blood to the right atrium. What are they

A

The Superior Vena Cavae, blood coming from the head and the inferior Vena Cavae, blood coming form the lower portion of the body

74
Q

What is blood made out of

A

Plasma
red and white cells
platelets

75
Q

What is Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood
Makes up more than half the volume of the blood
The plasma carries the red, white blood cells and the platelets

76
Q

what carries carbon / waste throughout the body

A

Cells and plasma

77
Q

What are red blood cells

A

Components of the blood. carry’s oxygen to and carbon away from the cells

78
Q

What are white blood cells and where are they formed

A

White blood cells are components of the blood which creates antibodies to fight of infections and germs
White blood cells are created in both the lymph nodes and the spleen

79
Q

What are Platelets

A

Membrane enclosed fragments which created blood clots

80
Q

Peripheral pulses

A

The Radial, Branchial, Posterior tibial, and dorsal pedis pulses

81
Q

Central pulses

A

The carotid and femoral pulses

82
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The pressure measured when the blood is forced out of the left ventricle

83
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The pressure measured when the left ventricle is refilling

84
Q

Perfusion is

A

The supply of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of waste from the cells through the flow of blood through the capillaries

85
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Also known as Shock, inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells

86
Q

Oxygen and glucose are necessary to the cells. The oxygen is used to power Glucose to be converted into ______

A

ATP

87
Q

Spleen

A

Cleanses blood and removes old red blood cells found in the right upper quadrant

88
Q

Tonsils

A

protects against pathogens in pharynx

89
Q

Thymus

A

Necessary for developing immune system

90
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Cleanses lymph fluids

91
Q

The Nervous system

A

Consists of the brain, spinal cords, and nerves that governs sensation, movement and thought

92
Q

Insulin is produced where

A

The pancreas

MFO Emergency Care (9 decks)

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