Ch. 6-7

Question 1

Ionization energy (IE)

Answer 1

Energy needed to remove an e-

All IE values are (+)

Question 2

Electron Affinity (EA)

Answer 2

Energy change (can be + or - ) when an atom gains an e-

Atoms release some amount of energy when gaining an e-

Question 3

EA few exceptions

Answer 3

Noble gases: full outer energy level, e- would go into higher n value = no good

Nitrogen

Be, Mg

Question 4

PES Spectrum

Answer 4

Graphical representation of e- configuration

Question 5

Work function

Answer 5

Minimum energy needed to release e-

Question 6

Photoelectronic effects and photons outcomes

Answer 6

1. Nothing happened = energy of light was less than work function
2. e- was ejected = energy of light was greater than work function

• any extra energy goes into kinetic energy if e-

Question 7

Visible light

Answer 7

400-700 nm

Question 8

Ground state

Answer 8

Lowest configuration of an e-

Question 9

Ground state

Answer 9

Lowest configuration of an e-

Question 10

Absorption

Answer 10

e- takes in energy and moves to a higher energy level

Question 11

Excited state

Answer 11

An e- is in a higher energy level than normal

Question 12

Emission

Answer 12

e- releases energy (as light that we may/may not see) and falls to a lower energy level

Question 13

Energy level spacing is different for different ___

Answer 13

Elements

Question 14

Orbitals

Answer 14

An area where the probability of finding an e- is high

Question 15

Orbitals have a

Answer 15

Specific shape and energy

Question 16

N =

Answer 16

Energy level

Question 17

Aufbau principle

Answer 17

Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first

Bottom - up

Question 18

Pauli exclusion principle

Answer 18

An orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons only if they have opposite spins

Question 19

Hunds rule

Answer 19

e- will fill up degenerate orbitals as single e- before doubling up

Question 20

Degenerate

Answer 20

Orbitals of equal energy

Ex: 3px, 3py, 3pz

Question 21

Degenerate

Answer 21

Orbitals of equal energy

Ex: 3px, 3py, 3pz

Question 22

Anions

Answer 22

e- are added to the highest energy level

Question 23

Cations

Answer 23

e- are lost from highest energy level

Question 24

Effective Nuclear Charge (zeff)

Answer 24

The actual attraction of e- to nucleus (zeff)

Particles are either attracted or repelled by one another

Degree of attraction / repulsion can be calculated

Question 25

Attraction/repulsion forces between particles increase…

Answer 25

1. When charges increases
2. When distance decreases

Question 26

All e- are attracted to the nucleus to some degree. Not all e- experience the full attraction to nucleus because other e- “____”

Answer 26

Get in the way

Question 27

Atomic size depends on (in this order):

Answer 27

1. Highest n level = electrons are located farther away from nucleus
2. Zeff
3. e-/e- repulsion’s

Question 28

Group trends

Answer 28

Atomic size increases down a group because e- are located in higher energy levels = farther from nucleus

Question 29

Bigger zeff = smaller

Answer 29

(Pull; bigger attraction = closer to nucleus)

Question 30

Size decreases left to right because…

Answer 30

⬆️zeff = ⬆️ attraction = ⬆️ pull = ⬇️ closer to nucleus (smaller)

Question 31

Anions

Answer 31

(-) ion, gain of e-

Anions are larger in size than their neutral parent atom

Question 32

Cations

Answer 32

(+) ions, loss of e-

Cations will always be smaller in size to their neutral parent atom

Question 33

Isoelectronic

Answer 33

Ions with the same number of e- and same e- configuration

Question 34

Ionization Energy

Answer 34

1st IE: energy to remove e- from neutral atom

2nd IE: energy needed to remove 2nd e-

Etc.

Larger IE the harder it is to remove e-?

Question 35

Huge increases in IE

Answer 35

Jump shows valence e-

Question 36

Periodic trend

Answer 36

IE increases from left to right; noble gases are highest

Question 37

Group trend

Answer 37

IE decreases as you move down a group

Question 38

IE depends on 2 things:

Answer 38

1. Zeff
2. Distance from nucleus