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AP chem > Ap Chem Basic Terms Pt 1 > Flashcards

Ap Chem Basic Terms Pt 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aqueous solutions

A

Something dissolved in water

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2
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of 2 things

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3
Q

Solvent

A

“Dissolving medium” ex: water

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4
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is being dissolved ex: salt

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5
Q

2 parts of a solution

A

Solvent
Solute

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6
Q

Electrolyte

A

A solution that contains ions and can conduct electricity

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7
Q

Non electrolyte

A

A solution that does not contain ions and does not conduct

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8
Q

All ionic substances are

A

Electrolytes

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9
Q
  1. Covalent compounds do not
  2. Molecular = covalent =
  3. Acids are
A
  1. Ionize
  2. Nonmetals
  3. Electrolytes
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10
Q

Strong electrolytes

A

100% ionization
All ionics
7 strong acids

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11
Q

Weak electrolytes

A

Partial ionization (small %)
Any other acid

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12
Q

Strong and weak electrolytes depend on

A

% ionization

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13
Q

7 strong acids

A

HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4
HClO3

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14
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measured value is to the correct or “actual” value

*to discuss accuracy we must know actual value

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15
Q

Precision

A

How close multiple measurements are to each other

*has nothing to do with the correct value

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16
Q

Error

A

Most measurement contain some amount of error

Error = experimental value (we measured) - actual value

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17
Q

Percent error

A

% error |experimental - actual / actual| x 100

  • always positive
18
Q

Density

A

A ratio of an objects mass to its volume

Density = mass/volume
D = M/V

19
Q

Density

A

A ratio of an objects mass to its volume

Density = mass/volume
D = M/V

Changes in temp = changes in density

20
Q

Water displacement method

A
  1. Measure water
  2. Put object in
  3. Measure change
21
Q

Absorption

A

When energy is added to an e- and that e- moves to a higher energy level

22
Q

Emission

A

Energy is released and an e- falls from a higher to a lower energy level

23
Q

Scientific Notation

A

Shorten numbers and eliminates zeros
Based on powers of 10

24
Q

Scientific Notation

A

Shorten numbers and eliminates zeros
Based on powers of 10

25
Q

Valence Electrons

A

e- in highest energy level

26
Q

Core e-

A

Inner e-

27
Q

Core + valence =

A

Total electrons

28
Q

Valence shortcut

A

Group 1 = 1 valence
Group 2 = 2 valence
Etc.

29
Q

Valence shortcut

A

Group 1 = 1 valence
Group 2 = 2 valence
Etc.

30
Q

Octet Rule

A

Atoms are stable (unreactive) when they have 8 valence electrons

Why? Full energy level

Goal: all atoms want 8 valence electrons to become stable like noble gases

31
Q

Diatomic molecules

A

7 elements do not exist as single atoms in nature. Instead they exist as diatomic molecules

32
Q

States of Matter

A

Solid (s)
Liquid (l)
Gas (g)
Aqueous (aq): dissolved in water

33
Q

Chemical bonding

A

Why? All want 8 valence e- to fill their outer energy level

Two ways:
1. Loss and gain of e- (ionic bonding)
2. Sharing e- (covalent)

34
Q

Ionic

A

Occurs between:
metal and a nonmetal
+ or -
Cations and anions

35
Q

Covalent

A

Occurs between 2 non metals

36
Q

Atomic orbitals

A

Where e- live within the energy level

S Orbital = max # of electrons: 2

P orbital = max # of electrons: 6

D orbital = max # of electrons: 10

F orbital = max # of electrons: 14

37
Q

Periods =

A

Energy level

38
Q

International System of Units (SI) / Metric System

A

Based on Powers of 10

Base units:
Length: meter (m)

Mass: gram (g)

Temperature: Celsius (C) and Kelvin (K) no negative Kelvin

Time: seconds (s)

Amount/quantity: mole (mol)

39
Q

1 mol =

A

6.022 x 10^23

40
Q

Absolute zero =

A

Molecular motion ceases

AP chem (8 decks)

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