AP Chem Basic Terms Pt 2 Flashcards
Acid
Start with hydrogen; ionize to give H+
Bases
Contain OH - ion
Neutralization Reactions
Rxn (reaction) involving an acid and a base in the correct mol ratio so that no excess is left over
Titrations
A lab experiment used to determine the molarity of an acid or base
Standard solution
Solution of known molarity
End point
Equivalence point; all acid and base reacted in correct ratio, color change
Neutralization Reaction Steps - Titration
- Full buret with known M of base
- Pour a known volume of acid into flask; add indicator
- Add base until color changes
All radiation travels through space as a wave at a constant speed:
Speed of light
Wavelength
Distance between crests
Units: m, cm, nm
1m = 1x10^9 nm
Frequency
How many crests pass a given point in an amount of time
Units: 1/s or s-1
Inversely proportional
As one variable increases, another decreases
Directly proportional
As one variable increases, another also increases
Photon
A tiny particle of light
Binary ionic compounds
e- are lost and gained (transfer of e-)
Metals and nonmetals
Positive and negative
Cation and anion
Rules for writing binary ionic formulas
- Identify symbols and ion charges
- If needed, add more ions to total
charge to 0 - Indicate # of ions using subscripts
Rules for naming binary ionic compounds
- Name 1st element (metal)
- (Sometimes) if 1st element is a transition metal, indicate charge using Roman numerals
- Name second element and change ending to - ide
Monatomic Ion
“1”
F, Ca, Cl
Polyatomic ion
“More than”
OH, SO4, ClO3
-ate, -ite = polyatomic
Stoichiometry
Calculation of reactant and product amounts in a chemical reaction
Chemists Read chemical equations based on:
Number of atoms: In a balanced reaction, # of reactant and product atoms are equal
Number of molecules: # of reactant mc does not always equal # of product mc
Moles: coefficients = moles (always never changes)
Mass: law of conservation of mass = mass of reactants= mass of products
Chemists use balanced equations as a basis to calculate how much reactant is needed and how much ___ can be formed
Product
Hydrate
Chemical that contains H2O molecules as part of its formula; exist as solids
Anhydrate
Solid left behind after a dehydration reaction
Extensive properties
A property of matter that depends on the amount of matter in a substance
Ex: mass/weight, volume, length
Intensive properties
Does not depend on how much, but only in the identity of substance
Ex: density, boiling/melting/freezing point, temp
States of matter
Solid: particles are close together in an organized pattern. Definite shape and definite volume.
Liquid: more spread out. Takes shape of container. (Indefinite shape) definite volume.
Gas: lots of space between particles. Easily compressed. Indefinite shape and volume.
Physical properties
A property of matter that can be measured or observed without changing the substances identify
Ex: color, texture, shape, mass, length
Physical changes
A change in appearance/shape/size but not in the identity of substance
Paper: cut, rip, shred, fold
Apple: slice, bite, peel
Chemical properties
The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical change/reaction
Ex: flammable, rot, mold, rust
Chemical changes (chemical reactions)
A substances identity changes
Ex: burning, rotting, molding, rusting
Signs of a chemical reaction
- Color change
- Change in temperature
- Bubbling (created a gas)
- Smell/odor
Law of Conservation of mass
- Mass cannot be created or destroyed; can only change forms
- Mass if reactants will be equal to mass of products
- Law of conservation of mass applies to both physical and chemical changes
Binary covalent compound
2 nonmetals that share e-
Rules for naming covalent compounds
- Use a prefix in front of 1st elements name only if there is more than one
- Always use a prefix for 2nd element and change ending to -ide
Rules for writing covalent formulas
- Use prefixes to decide on # of atoms
- Use subscripts to indicate # of atoms
Amu
Atomic mass unit
Unit for an elements mass
Average atomic mass
Isotopes exist for all elements, so a weighted average of their masses can be calculated = average atomic mass
All atoms are composed of the same basic particles, yet all atoms are not the same. Atoms if the same element have the same number of protons, while atoms of different elements have different number of ___
Protons
The atomic number of an element is the number of ___
Protons
An atom is electrically neutral - it has a charge of zero. This means that ____
of protons = # of electrons
Isotopes
Atom if the same element with different # of neutrons ( and thus, different masses)
2 ways to designate an Isotope
- Mass
- Nuclear symbol
Activity series
List of metals and nonmetals based on reactivity, determines whether one substance can kick out another
- only more reactive substances can replace/kick out less reactive substances, not vice versa