AP Chem Basic Terms Pt 2

Question 1

Acid

Answer 1

Start with hydrogen; ionize to give H+

Question 2

Bases

Answer 2

Contain OH - ion

Question 3

Neutralization Reactions

Answer 3

Rxn (reaction) involving an acid and a base in the correct mol ratio so that no excess is left over

Question 4

Titrations

Answer 4

A lab experiment used to determine the molarity of an acid or base

Question 5

Standard solution

Answer 5

Solution of known molarity

Question 6

End point

Answer 6

Equivalence point; all acid and base reacted in correct ratio, color change

Question 7

Neutralization Reaction Steps - Titration

Answer 7

1. Full buret with known M of base
2. Pour a known volume of acid into flask; add indicator
3. Add base until color changes

Question 8

All radiation travels through space as a wave at a constant speed:

Answer 8

Speed of light

Question 9

Wavelength

Answer 9

Distance between crests

Units: m, cm, nm
1m = 1x10^9 nm

Question 10

Frequency

Answer 10

How many crests pass a given point in an amount of time

Units: 1/s or s-1

Question 11

Inversely proportional

Answer 11

As one variable increases, another decreases

Question 12

Directly proportional

Answer 12

As one variable increases, another also increases

Question 13

Photon

Answer 13

A tiny particle of light

Question 14

Binary ionic compounds

Answer 14

e- are lost and gained (transfer of e-)

Metals and nonmetals
Positive and negative
Cation and anion

Question 15

Rules for writing binary ionic formulas

Answer 15

1. Identify symbols and ion charges
2. If needed, add more ions to total
   charge to 0
3. Indicate # of ions using subscripts

Question 16

Rules for naming binary ionic compounds

Answer 16

1. Name 1st element (metal)
2. (Sometimes) if 1st element is a transition metal, indicate charge using Roman numerals
3. Name second element and change ending to - ide

Question 17

Monatomic Ion

Answer 17

“1”
F, Ca, Cl

Question 18

Polyatomic ion

Answer 18

“More than”
OH, SO4, ClO3
-ate, -ite = polyatomic

Question 19

Stoichiometry

Answer 19

Calculation of reactant and product amounts in a chemical reaction

Question 20

Chemists Read chemical equations based on:

Answer 20

Number of atoms: In a balanced reaction, # of reactant and product atoms are equal

Number of molecules: # of reactant mc does not always equal # of product mc

Moles: coefficients = moles (always never changes)

Mass: law of conservation of mass = mass of reactants= mass of products

Question 21

Chemists use balanced equations as a basis to calculate how much reactant is needed and how much ___ can be formed

Answer 21

Product

Question 22

Hydrate

Answer 22

Chemical that contains H2O molecules as part of its formula; exist as solids

Question 23

Anhydrate

Answer 23

Solid left behind after a dehydration reaction

Question 24

Extensive properties

Answer 24

A property of matter that depends on the amount of matter in a substance

Ex: mass/weight, volume, length

Question 25

Intensive properties

Answer 25

Does not depend on how much, but only in the identity of substance

Ex: density, boiling/melting/freezing point, temp

Question 26

States of matter

Answer 26

Solid: particles are close together in an organized pattern. Definite shape and definite volume.

Liquid: more spread out. Takes shape of container. (Indefinite shape) definite volume.

Gas: lots of space between particles. Easily compressed. Indefinite shape and volume.

Question 27

Physical properties

Answer 27

A property of matter that can be measured or observed without changing the substances identify

Ex: color, texture, shape, mass, length

Question 28

Physical changes

Answer 28

A change in appearance/shape/size but not in the identity of substance

Paper: cut, rip, shred, fold

Apple: slice, bite, peel

Question 29

Chemical properties

Answer 29

The ability of a substance to undergo a chemical change/reaction

Ex: flammable, rot, mold, rust

Question 30

Chemical changes (chemical reactions)

Answer 30

A substances identity changes

Ex: burning, rotting, molding, rusting

Question 31

Signs of a chemical reaction

Answer 31

1. Color change
2. Change in temperature
3. Bubbling (created a gas)
4. Smell/odor

Question 32

Law of Conservation of mass

Answer 32

1. Mass cannot be created or destroyed; can only change forms
2. Mass if reactants will be equal to mass of products

• Law of conservation of mass applies to both physical and chemical changes

Question 33

Binary covalent compound

Answer 33

2 nonmetals that share e-

Question 34

Rules for naming covalent compounds

Answer 34

1. Use a prefix in front of 1st elements name only if there is more than one
2. Always use a prefix for 2nd element and change ending to -ide

Question 35

Rules for writing covalent formulas

Answer 35

1. Use prefixes to decide on # of atoms
2. Use subscripts to indicate # of atoms

Question 36

Amu

Answer 36

Atomic mass unit

Unit for an elements mass

Question 37

Average atomic mass

Answer 37

Isotopes exist for all elements, so a weighted average of their masses can be calculated = average atomic mass

Question 38

All atoms are composed of the same basic particles, yet all atoms are not the same. Atoms if the same element have the same number of protons, while atoms of different elements have different number of ___

Answer 38

Protons

Question 39

The atomic number of an element is the number of ___

Answer 39

Protons

Question 40

An atom is electrically neutral - it has a charge of zero. This means that ____

Answer 40

of protons = # of electrons

Question 41

Isotopes

Answer 41

Atom if the same element with different # of neutrons ( and thus, different masses)

Question 42

2 ways to designate an Isotope

Answer 42

1. Mass
2. Nuclear symbol

Question 43

Activity series

Answer 43

List of metals and nonmetals based on reactivity, determines whether one substance can kick out another

• only more reactive substances can replace/kick out less reactive substances, not vice versa