Ch 6 Flashcards
Gov of church of england
Gov of church of england
Episcopacal = church governed by bishops + hierarchy
Anglican church inherited from catholic past , suited monarchs means of control, BUT criticism from puritans
Court of high commission = royal prerog court ste up by henry v111 = control over church and courts . used inquisitorial methods and was swift and secret = efficient and ruthless
Erastian – governed by state
= church of eng diff to catholic church bcus governed by state that determined doctrine,structure
Book of common prayer – controlled religious worship , laid out service orders and prayers . star chamber enforced . important defence against innovation of puritan sermons. ceremony and order encouraged – stained glass religious painting decorations – done by arminians
Arminians gained control – appointed key bishoprics, at uni oxford/Cambridge where clergy educated and new scholarships
Lauds rise
Argued as one of Charles worst appointments – Archbishop of cnaterbruy AND leading gov minister
Robert ashton - to blame for fall of Stuart monarchy
Kevin sharpe – ‘ evil counsellor who cost the king his crown’
- became favourite of Buckingham during debate in 1622 with Jesuit priest but
James sus of laud, had abrasive personality, aware of danger of appointing him key roles - Charles admired his desire order and cermony , reflcted charles love of hierarchy an authority . promoted him rapidly – Dean of chapel royal 1626, bishp of london 1628, archbishop canterbury 1633
James didn’t allow one faction to dominate church, promoted mix
Whereas charles promoted and patronised arminians to exclusion ifall other factions- dominated key positions of power
William laud
- Close friendship with Buckingham = influence In court
- Less concerned with details of doctrine – liked church orhanisation and appearance and form of worship
- ‘ beuty of holiness’
- Encouraged charles to promote arminians
- Domanted 1630s privy council
- Resented by nobility- use of enforcing rules and silenced opposition and interfered in secular affair
Establishing conformity
1633
laud became archbishop of canterbury and issued new instructions, bishops had to enforce
Resentment to Laudian changes couldn’t be expressed – absence of parl
Established in church – 1631 thru book of orders, enforced greater disclipine + conformity in church
Similar to thorough – way to centralise power and control
Restoring fabric of church – needed repairs after years of neglect
Problems had been – lead stolen from roofs, animals wandering free, church used as pigsty,market,stables
1633 – launched special levy for restoration of the church, records kept if you didn’t pay
Improving incomes (tithe)
Tithes were paid to gentry since reformation , laud tried to recover tithes and church lands so funding of education for clergy . laud used church courts + privy council to try get funds = hostility from landowners , felt he threatened their property
Restrictions put on terms landlords could offer to tenants – stopped bishops offering long lease on low rent for high entry = impoverished future clergy
Unsuccessful attempts to recover impropriations to provide more money for clergy stipends (income) – done at expense of gentry
‘Beauty of holiness’
Restored to recover sense of mystery, timeless union – stained glass, altar cloths ,choirs ,organs ,vestments
Sometimes meant removal of pews = offended gentry
Altar controversy
-wanted deceny and order in church practice
Reformation churches haad downgraded status of altra – laud reversed this = against eastern wall of church where catholic altar would’ve been
Chanel raised by steps and railed off
Covered with decorated embroided cloth
Enforcement checked by annual visitations
Consequence of altar policy
Alarmed at break from tradition- removed family pews to accommodate new location = dangerous innovation and lack of respect for tradition
Strict enforcement also narrowed broad tolerance essential for religious stability
- Alarmed at restriction – ‘devils work’ left people in ignorance and darkness+ rituals and ceremonies encouraged mechanical and superstitious emphasis on appearance
- Not only puritans alarmed – attack to protestants – superstitions and idols – ordinary laymen watched physical changes
Liturgy
- Laud tightened as way of creating uniformity
- Clergy given renewed instructions of format/words per service
- Church canons revised to include new altar policy
- Ministers required full clerical regalia
- Strict insturctions for priest
Catechism emphasis over preaching
- Preaching limited to Sunday mornings and evenings, replaced by catechism in afternoon services
- Symbolised laudian emphasis on ritual, authority and communal worship
- Weekday lectures banned( more preaching opportunities)
1633 Abolition of the Feoffees for impropriations
Puritan merchants and landowners in London = buy right to collect tithes to put puritan ministers into parishes
1633- over 30
Shared lauds obj improving ministry quality but preference for puritans + preaching = his disapproval
1633 used court of star chamber to abolish the feoffes + seized goods
= offended puritans on religious grounds and as attack on property
Taken over by king, ensuring Anglican orthodox appointed. Churches to be decorated, music encouraged. In hull bells restored to holy trinity church despite objections from mayor + corporation
Charles + Lauds motives
Charles + Lauds motives
- Establish order and beauty in church
- Reducing scope of views being expressed to avoid controversy
- Encourage revenge for god and joyful worship
- Express unity of harmonious Christian community
- Mark of respect to protect altar
- Fulfilling duty of caring for church
Visitations
- 1629 ordered all bishops to ensure parish priests were obeying instructions- check churches in good order
- Presentment bills (reports) used by bishops and had to report success in enforcing conformity to Laud
Case studies
1637 – bishop john Williams imprisoned pamphlet ‘ the holy table name and ting’ which attacked altar policy
Leighton published controversial pamphlet ‘ zions plea against prelacy ‘ in 1628 – criticsed church and bishops who then ruled church of scotland
1630 court high commission warranted arrest- he was taken to bishop of London = solitary confiemnt in irons , uncovered cell for 15 weeks, 36 stripes, branded in face SS, nose split, ears cut off, life imprisonment
Politicisation of clergy
Laud wanted clergy to paly larger role
Laudina emphasis on status of clergy – promoted to other areas
- Scottish bishops = JPs 1633
- Archbishop Spottiswood became lord chancellor
- Bishop William Juxon became lord treasurer
- Laud made himself chancellor of oxford uni
- Gave church court spower to interfere secular affairs
book of sports
Listed archey, dancing, leaping, vaulting = permissible sports
May-games, Morris-dances, May-poles all allowed
Prohibited = bear and bull baiting, interludes and bowling
- Rebuked puritans, counteract growing puritan calls Sunday to be day of prayerfulness and bible reading ( sabbatarianism ) over entertainment
- Condemned Catholics who didn’t attend church services In parish – only people who attended Sunday church service could attend recreations after- vicars had to read allowed from book of sports or risk expelled
Reuissued oct by charles + wake and church ales to sanctioned recreations
Charles ordred any vicar who refused to read it to be deprived of position – enforced visotations + presentment bills
Charles act of revocation
Charles act of revocation
– take back old church lands and former royal lands from scottish gentry
- Legally questionable – 24 years old, not a minority
- But revoked grants of crown+ kirk + all grants 1540 onward
Scottish parliament
Since 1621 but charles packed with supporters to get tax increasews and at of revocation passed
Clumsy handling = obvious taking down note of names who spoke against him e.g earl of rothes
Voted the way he wanted but great antipathy toward him exp with scottish nobles
John morril – ‘whose personal power as regional magnates still really mattered in scotland’
Main differences demonstrated james funeral – archbishop Spottiswood refused rto wear English clergy vestments , wore plan black robe – kept with scottish presbyterian tradition
Charles = lack of awareness of balance needed betw churches of scot and england
Growth of puritan opposition
Aroused hatred but difficult to find evidence due to absence of parliament, domaince of royal patronage in oxford and cambridge unis = lack of opportunity to express
Sheer weight of opposition in parl of 1640 = suggestive deep resentment
Lord broke , puritan, called laudians ‘ excrementa mundi’ – refuse of the world
Dec 1640 root and branch petition against laudianism signed by 15000 londoners
Within days of long parl aud had been arrested and faced impeachment
2 major reasons for = challenged puritanism beliefs and practices, looked close to Catholicism - raised fears
Puritans became more radical + dogmatic
Case study
Parish of St Gregory’s London
- Resisted required move of communion table
- Charles brought to privy council 1633
- Successful enforce conformity – bishop should have right to decide position of
table
Emigration
Puritans emigrated to escape laudianism, upsurge in 1630s including feoffes
To ‘new england’
Maryland = refuge for catholics
Colonoy of Massachusetts – 20,000 puritans made home there in late 1620s
= less resistance, safety valve
Puritans biggest troublemakers = works to his advantage
Laud then tries to improve laudianism in Netherlands + new england BUT
Hugh peter
Devout puritan , ordained into Anglican church – license provoked and imprisoned for 6 months
= moved to Netherlands , pastor until pressure put on English churches to conform to doctrines promoted by laud
Puritan networks
‘godly’ term puritans used to describe themselves
‘godly party’ = those politically active
Opposition network forming by 1630 – Providence island company and the Say Brooke Venture – meeting point for men like pym, st john, saye and sele
No written records were kept
Other resistance – such as uni of cambridge and oxford depended on royal patronage, too large , too public to openly criticise king
Hampden circle – puritan lawyers who stood up against absolutist tendencies in their monarch
Trial of burton, Bastwick and Prynne 1637
Written pamphlets attacking policies of archbishop laud
Prynna lost ears, branded SL – seditious libel
Use of pillory for all – gentlemen being treated like a peasant
