Ch. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
1600 london population =
1640 =
London was …
of foreign trade , of customs duty
A
1600 london population = 185000
1640 = 355000
London was biggest port, 4/5 of foreign trade , ¾ of customs duty
2
Q
Key industries :
A
farmers ,
cloth industry (strongly puritan) big cloth towns = bolton,leeds,bradford,Leicester
cole/tin/lead mining
3
Q
Not massively urbanised
most urbanised=
1600 london population =
1640 =
A
80% + living in villages
London(185000) then Norwich ( 15000) then Bristol (12000) then York (11000)
4
Q
16C = population increase =
A
price inflation,lower wage levels
poor people faced poverty/hardship
5
Q
Yeomanry class –
A
rich enough to ride horses(serve), puritan outlook, can read/write
6
Q
gap betw rich and poor =
A
crime,vagrancy and unemployment , resolved by poor laws james 1
7
Q
harvest failures =
last English famine
A
starvation and great disorder
last English famine – 1622-24 1630-31
last biritsh famine – irish potato famine
8
Q
social hierarchy =
UC followed charles 1 despite him being questionable =
A
stability and reassurance , gods plan
- no police/professional army
- upper class aware relying on peasnats ( could turn/revolt = tension)
withhold social hierarchy, show example to LC
9
Q
Religion =
A
Religion = social control
religion = revolutionary (seen w puritans)
10
Q
Karl Marx –
A
german jew who fled to Britain
‘ religion is the opium of the people”
11
Q
James 1
A
king at 1 years old, protestant, father murdered, mother fled to England = no strong monarch. Nobody upkeeping hierachy
reagents ruled Scotland on his behalf- murdered
teacher = Buchanan,stern,punishes = scholarly
introduces divine right of kings
12
Q
‘ the true law of free monarchies ‘ 1598
A
‘ kings are called gods’ ‘ appointed by god and answerable only to god”
13
Q
Scottish presbyterian kirk
A
(puritanism) – elected councils
Scottish gentry/nobility in charge
royalty = weak
14
Q
Elizabeth dies
…
A
within 8 hours James crowned king of England
inheriter of imperial crown of England and Scotland
15
Q
Rex Pacificus =
A
peacemaker king
aim to reconcile Catholic and protestant
terminate ancient feud of eng and Scotland – fuse to united realm
16
Q
England =
A
most powerful protestant country , richest
then Sweden, Scotland, Denmark, Norway
17
Q
Somerset House Conference –
A
peace treaty with spain (treaty of London)
James ended 20 year war with catholic Spain
18
Q
puritans annoyed..
catholics annoyed…
A
puritans – champions of protestant – annoyed England at peace with catholics-no longer champions
extreme Catholics annoyed spain hadn’t removed toleration for catholic
catholics annoyed – want religious toleration
19
Q
recusancy fines –
A
45 years – angst
20
Q
1605 – gunpowder plot - revenge on James 1
A
35 barrels of gunpowder
4 nov searched
james = cool,calm doesn’t launch a catholic attack
however fuels ongoing paranoia of a catholic grand plot
21
Q
catholics numbers dwindled =
A
wealthy, lords of gentry. Only richest can pay fines + their staff /slaves
= impression more than there is – big presence
22
Q
Hampton Court Conference –
A
on religious settlement
puritans demand english church removepopish elements (more like kirk in Scotland)
in pulpit, (james 1 ) monarch above preacher – shwos poer of royal supremacy
james determined to keep supremacy in eng and extend to scotland
23
Q
puriatns pushing Elizabeth to reform the church of England – make pure
thought James would
A
Eng and Scotland = middleway kept and extended to scot – proclaimed to keep elizabethain religious settlement as it was at conference
- Ceremonies, vestments,bishops enforced (puritans thought popish)
24
Q
Puritans demand new bible
A
james did not like old one anyway – showed dislike for kings, new edition= The King James Version
takes years to make, distracts puritans
created by shakespear – unites, beautiful lang, influences theatre,poetry
-not what puirtans hoped for
25
Union of scotland and england =
new country ‘britain’
natural thing – what god wanted
26
English parliament refused – xenophobia ( anti-scottish)
rich country, Scotland poor
would be a clean slate- no laws, no customs- easy for dictatorship
hard fought laws/freedom eg – magna carta common law 1215, parliament 1265
would take a long time to build reverence
Eng common law based on precedents- harder for dictatorship
parliament also didn’t want – would become provincial assembly
absolutism going on in frnace/spain - worry same for England
27
new plan B :
symbolic union , calls himself king of GB
royal coat of arms, new flag – the Jack
revenge – james fills court with scots
extravagant and generous so gives lots of gifts / money = money tension
Elizabeth lrft £3000 debt
has to go parliament for money – relationship with parl = disaster
28
james abandons gov, loses interest
pursues hi slove of hunting/horseracing
despite this ...
- mixture of tact,duplicity and masterful inaction manages to hold the middleground = smooth succession
29
Charles unlike his father –
Charles unlike his father – painfully shy, not flexible (beleifs), hardworking
James – gregarious, party animal
30
personal monarchy
= difficulty for James 1 to rule multiple kingdoms =
– tensions
complex arrangement partly unified kingdoms, each with distinctive culture,gov institutions and religious structure
Scotland and England = different legal systems-
Scotland = parliament in edinburgh, church assembly and Scottish privy council
England = king with help of privy council
31
England ; 1625
few english nobles had any military experience ,
lack of children born to tudor monarchs=no princes of blood to rival
fewer english nobles
gentry and nobility = single economic class
32
James undermined Scottish nobility, manipulated to his advantage –
redressed power balance, subdued the nobility
33
Presbyterian church –
powerful independent force under protection of nobles
james realised strength- didn’t alienate, managed in person at general assmeby so his interests chosen
34
tensions England and Scotland
( english conquer attempts in 13/14th century)
marriage – daughter MARGARET and James VI in 1502 – hoped to unite BUT henry v111 harsh policies = hostility
35
James accession =
but..
end to national hostility ( still cultural differneces and bitter legacy)
English feared invasion of scots – wanting wealth / opportunity
Scots feared loss of independence/ resented English arrogance
36
James rule as absentee monarch –
ruled well, only revisited native country once after 1603 but kept in touch with opinion north- employed agents ( earl of Dunbar ) who shuttled to and from the two kingdoms
37
Ireland = most problematic =
not independent kingdom like Scotland – like a colony
gov subordinate to English one , had to conform to English demands
hard to control – separated by irish sea, poor country , costlier to rule than tax income – couldn’t support army or bureaucracy
Irish Brehon law – not compatible with English law (individual ownership)
38
protestant reformation divided Europe –
henry v111 rejected popes authority seized control of church in 1534, couldn’t compel Irish
officially a protestant church of Ireland but roman catholic
39
irish groups
- mere (native )= catholic
- old english – descendants if pre reformation – catholic , threatebed by new english
_ new english – protestants arrived since reformation in 1540s – controlled gov in Dublin
40
irish people
- majority native Irishmen and english settlers = catholic
= ireland as convenient base for invasion, necessary to assert control there
- english influence mainly in Pale increased elsewhere in 16C
- irish chieftains = english titles of nobility
41
english rule of ireland developed under Elizabeth 1
=
army maintained english exchequer that ireland drained
extended military control
major rebellion = Earls and last chieftain of ulster fled = eng;and in control of whole island
42
Plantation –
dispossess irish peasants of their land, replace with english emigrants = easier to control
james 1 = increased = sent Scottish borderes to ulster BUT introduced Presbyterianism into ireland
but new farm owners nedded labourrers – had to use native irsh = outnumbered them
43
Overall difficult for james to control multiple kingdoms
- keep all 3 happy
- annoy all at once = war
44
-elite=
highest status, richest, most powerful
17th C England governed by ruling elite – appointed JPs
45
privy council –
kings closest advisors, head of major Gov departments, representatives of greater nobility – supervision of central administration
46
justices of peace –
carry out local gov, appointed by king and council , not. Paid but prestigious role,local authority
47
- lord lieutenant
, come from leading county family, helped appoint JPs, in charge of organising county militia
48
system of local gov =
social and political elite – offices unpaid but carried prestige/influence in the community-run country
49
central administration-
treasury courts (economic, finance), law courts
drew on common law, mix custom, precedent, royal proclamations and statue law. King decided on judges dismissal
50
Court of kings bench
Court of common pleas
Court of kings bench= criminal
Court of common pleas = civil law
51
prerogative-
kings personal power, make decisions w no laws/parliament
52
prerogative law courts –
authority directly from king
staffed by privy councillors- act in kings favour
53
control thru church –
head=monarch
appoints bishops, support in house of lordscontrol thru church
pulpit = word spread quickly to each village – taught deference,obedience,loyalty ad reinforced royal power, protected hierachys
= overall controlled media, propaganda machine
54
importance of patronage
- system of influence where patron uses position of power to influence/encourage individuals in an inferior position
55
Gov – works thru patronage –
Gov – works thru patronage – operated thru royal court
Court = gov officers and kings personal households – centre of politicsl influence and social hierarchy
56
offices unpaid but opportuniites ...
-profit,royal gifts/grants
normally greater nobility or talented advisors that are granted land/titles to raise status
57
Nobility –
Nobility – link central gov and local communities leading figures in county community
58
court factions –
court factions – smaller political parties based on personal relations
linked to regional/local interests through power/prestige of nobility
59
Regional power bases
Regional power bases – of factional leaders
enhanced position with king,could persuade about clients positions = local connection strengthened
60
parliament within governments role-
advise king, grant taxation, turn royal decisions into legal statutes . Meetings, procedures, compostition of parliament, take shape according to monarchy
primary function – support/enhance royal power. MPs represented communities who elected them and stood for rule of law
61
strength of parliament
Strengths- could express public opinion, represent views of family/friends. Could limit/restrain kings power. King had to govern in law, law was made in/with parliament . administration depended on partnership of legal and financial framework with parliament.
- Power/independence increased during 16 century
62
weaknesses of parliament
Weaknesses – called and dissolved when king wanted, most MPs were amateurs and stayed for short periods
neither permanent or necessary to daily government . no ability of formulate polices. Cant formalise/finance kings decisions
63
protestant reform impact on politics and society in England
- Emphasised importance of bible reading – literacy
- Increase reliance on educated laymen to fill government posts once held by priests = larger powerful articulate gentry dominating House of commons
- Religious quarrels= political factors among nobles , parliament encouraged factions to play out rivalrues at court
64
primogeniture =
primogeniture = first born inherits everything
65
purpose of coronation ceremony =
divined approval and legitimacy, god has chosen you
66
monarchy a good system of gov 1600s;
defence, unity and law and order
-defence, unity and law and order = one leader in battle, avoids conflict, prevents civil war,keeps country strong BUT king dying at battle, king could go mad,abuse power
67
monarchy a good system of gov 1600s;religion
religion – monarch is head of church so clear leader, everybody same religion BUT conflict within country and others, obey god over monarch
68
monarchy a good system of gov 1600s;legitimacy of reign and succession
legitimacy of reign and succession – accept and obey king, smooth succession BUT problem if no heir/brothers = not as smooth
69
monarchy a good system of gov 1600s;economic prosperity
economic prosperity – stable gov ,good for economy BUT problem if corrupt figure
70
Parliaments privileges of constitutional power in 1600
- Believed “king in parliament “ - king had to act within the law
- House of commons = free elections without royal interference
- §Parliaments permission needed to charge ‘extraordinary revenue’, withheld subsidies until king addressed its grievances
- Allowed to discuss ‘matters of commonwealth’
- Right to express views on religion,foreign policy, royal marriage and succession
- By early 1620s was turning into court of law by reviving process of impeachment (Hoc impeached accussed then stood trial before HoL, used to bring kings ministers to account)
- Expected king to ‘live of his own” – pay for cost of household,court,gov from crowns priv income(ordinary revenue)
- Freedom from arrest
- Can voice grievances
- King had No right to enter chamber of commons
71
Royal prerogative of constitutional power in 1600
- Belief of divine right of kings = GOD
- Parliament called and dissolved at monarchs pleasure, monarchs often interfered in elections to get supported elected – could ‘prorogue’(sit for as long as he liked’
- Right to taxes, right to rasie money in an emergency without parliaments consent
- King = supreme governr of church of England. Claimed exclusive right to formulate policy on religion
- Make and break alliances, arrange royal marriages, take England to war . Monarch = commander in chief of army
- Parl had no right to discus matters of state – foreign policy,marriages,succession
- King appoints all judges and ministers
- Crowns private income (ordinary revenue) from renting royal land and from feudal taxes = no longer sufficient for monarch to live from
- Under no obligation to listen to grievenaces from parliament
72
How Jmaes 1 handled parliament- not well
- 1598 ‘true law of free monarchies’ = divine power on earth
- James response to unrest in hoC = remind of privilege,suggestion of their removal
- Defused crisis,suspended sessions, let it drop
- Pragmatic king
- Resorted to union flag, merged royal arms = king of GB
Handlded badly = overgenerous with gifts – financially irresponsible - extravagant
No distinction between payment for work anf gifts
Tone of James court = drunkenness gluttony, ate and drank excessively - Complaints due to favoritism, jealousy, favoured young attractive men (Scottish cronies ) , showered them with money and gifts
Tone of corruption and scandal compared to Elizabeths frugal reign
73
English parliament worse than scottish
English parliament worse than scottish = more argumentative,debates, sense of institutional indpedence, didn’t functionas extension of his personal court – expected to be top aurhority – head.Limited in influencing and placing supporters
English = bicameral – 2 chmabers , only legislative body in England
74
How James handled parliament - well
Handled well = Good point of contact- very open access, Included catholics – ‘rex pacificus’
Patronage and presnst across all factions = good
Gained support from grateful followers
Distriution of royal patronage mae james more successful than his successor
75
Rise of Villiers
- Used king to his adv
- 1614=cupbearer, 1615=knighted.1616=viscount1617=ealr of Buckingham 1618= marquess 1623= duke of Buckingham(highest rank)
- Manipulated royal patronage in his interests
76
ordinary revenues
Monarch=meets costs of maintaining court and gov through ordinary revenues
- Split into four categories , most importamt source = rent from crown land
- Custom duties,levies like tonnage and poundage = also imp
- Supplemented from profits of justice – crown benefits from fines and consfications of land and feudal dues
77
Ancient rights of the crown =
Wardships = crowns right to ontrol/profit from estates left to heirs under 21
Purveyance = crowns right to. Purchase goods at price set by itself
In time of war or national emergency = access to extraordinary revenues (usually in form of parliamentary taxations) – fifteenths and tenths raising 30000, subsidies raising 80000
78
Until 1604 – custom revenues((import/export tax)
collected by crown officials (badly)
Salisbury replaced with tax farming – farmers (merchants) vigorously imposed custom dues, guaranteed regular sum to the crown
Privatisation of tax collection – not gov owned
79
The poor state of crown finances in 1612
Elizabeth to blame:
War costly = elizabeth tried to avoid for ages but forced after Spanish attempts to conquer protestant. Dutch. Dragged into open war 1585. War continued as james became king- his duty to raise money necessary
Cut expenditure – underpaid royal officals and recomped with monopoly rights ( ripped off , low quality,high prices) to cope with money demands
To avoid losing power to Parl and ask for mor tax – sold crown lands – up to £800000 – bad for future monarch-loss of asset
Crown lands not managed effectively
Failed to update tax system- last update= 1520s
Local elites = assessed own land value. Subsidy used to raise £130,000 in 1550 = £55000 in 1628
No attempt to update custom revenues – until 1604 Robert Cecil- tax farmers ‘great farm of the customs’
80
poor state of crown finances - James to blame ;
Within 3 years james had a debt of £816000 despite Spanish war ending
Overestimated English crowns wealth- deoubled expenditure of royal household , spent £185000 on jewels by 1612
Consistently overgenerous – towards favourite Scottish
Large family to maintain – wife and 3 kids
Lazy – left gov business to chief minsters = badly paid so took compensation/cuts
81
Strategy for james to reform
Chief financial advisory – Robert Cecil (earl of Salisbury)
1606 = legal ruling king had right to impose new custom duties- book of rates in 1608
Parl = deeply resented
Further resentment – monopolies renewed
Contributed to failure of Great Contract – king would give up feudal dues from subjects and gets parl income of £200000 a year-attempt at a deal
Failed – king loss of useful control , parl – wary of giving financial freedom
82
Cranfield
Lionel cranfield – attempted to reform kings finances
Success at first 1618= Master of Court of Wards, lord treasurer and chancellor of exchequer
1620 – had reduced kings expenses over 50%
Failed – rise was through Buckingham,kings fav ( product of rivalry and corruption)
Fall from power – 1624 now earl of Middlesex tried to expand influence at buckinghams expense – handsome neohew – buvkingahm encouraged resentment for cranfield and MPs to impeach him for bribery at court
83
Overall crowns financial problems under james 1
Bad income
Bad manangemnt of income
Lack of resources and means to manage them
Relying on patronage and pesnions to reward peasnats
84
Parliamental problems for James 1 =
Meant king had to ask parliament for money – annoyed – money prbolems came form kings greed and extravangant gifts .
parliament also annoyed- king applying impositions and monopolies- raised constituitnoal issues- fights over rights and privileges
impositiosn- concern in parl – right to control taxation being eroded? Contributed to refusl of granting tunnage and poundage iin 1625
monopolisies desire = impeachment brought back
also tension due to religion war and foreing policy
85
Counter-reformation:
Process of internal reform, begins council of trent 1570 – authority of pope reinforced, adminintsration improved, scandals eradicated = renewal of faith/authority = strengthen catholics + fears of protestants
86
Protestantism:
problematic for gov – rules for church gov + salvation found in bible – monarch = power/responsibility to interpret/enforce BUT bible = part history/myth so unclear/contradictory
87
Elizabethian religious settlement
Policy = Elizabethan settlement & Anglican church of ‘middle way’
Satisfied majority but small amount unhappiness from both sides
James inherits legacy of religious division across three kingdoms
Scotland = presbyterian church dominating + catholic minority
Ireland = catholic majority but Anglican church and few extreme protestants
England = Anglican church ‘middle way’ catholic minority
88
Puritans and anti-calvinists
1603- further desire to reform church – evangelism
English prots = disagreement on what to change – two key reforms = puritans and anti-calvinists
Puritans = part of establishment within church – were distinctive group- more keen protestants to bring about ‘further reformation’
Anti Calvinists = people with alternative vision of what church should become. Called ‘Arminians’/’ laudians ’
89
Overall.
Religious tensions and divisions BUT Protestantism = firmly established and national church = strong and united
90
Religion in reign of James 1
Persecution of catholics = more severe after war with spain in 1580s
Recuanscy fines increased + 146 catholics executed between 1586 and 1603
At first James=tolerant to catholics, recuansy fines reduced ( to less than ¼ of level before 1603 )but leniency = shortlived
1604 = all priests/Jesuits ordered out of kingdom , by nov recusancy fines=collected in full
1604 parlaiment = act calling for ‘due execution of the statutes’ against ‘any manner of recusants’. King didn’t want to antagonise parlament – tyring to promote union of eng and Scotland- hoped If agrred parlament would make concessions over terms of union
After gunpowder plot – catholics no further trouble
However Catholicism = big issue after 30 years war 1618 – events combined to increase fears of popery
91
Treatment of catholics
Suspended recusancy fines at first- reimposed after parliamjentary complaints an d regretting loss of money
Anger of catholics = gunpowder plot BUT this wasonly supported by small minority of catholics, discredited catholic cause
Recusancy fines increased – catholics removed gov posts , affirm to new oath of allegiance in 1606- majority took the oath
92
Treatment of puritans
Hoped james would support their millenary petition for puritan reforms
Invted puritan representative to Hampton court conference but rejected their hopes
Howver agree to new bible
93
Public opinion foreign policy-
should be in defence of Protestantism, deep suspicion roman catholic – didn’t realise Spanish power was declining and France rising- slow to see united provinces rise
94
Peace with spain –
james ended 18 year war – spain against England and Netherlands. Spanish kings inherited Netherlands, protestant revolted hard, elizabeth 1 came to help = Spanish retaliation 1588 attempted invasions
95
Treaty of London 1604
End of Anglo Spain war – meant England can continue negotiations with Netherlands, could serve in dutch army,neutral betw Netherlands and spain,English serve in Spanish army
96
Count Gondomar
– Spanish ambassador sent to England 1613 , charmed james, had great influence . strung out negotiatins for 10 years, ? whether intended the match but preveneted angland supporting the german protestants
97
1614 Addled parliament
- royal debt 160000 to 680000 – bacon and Neville persuade james to call parliament , believe they can manipulate it into grnating james taxes. Immediate clashes. Speech against scots provoked james into dissolution. Had passed no acts, granted no supplies. Parl was not called for another 7 years
98
Fall of coke 1616
– leading prosecuting lawyer for crown – angered james – said king below law, made prohibitions interfering with gov control – 1616 bacon brought charges against and king dismissed him
99
Thirty years war 1618-48
1618 – Ferdinand=emperor,mission to lead counter-reformation re-conquest of protestant Europe.imported Jesuit missionaries,closed prot churches. Bohemians declare throne vacant = offred to Frederick-‘ defender of protestant faith’ so accepts. Ferdinand attacks bohemia, drives Frederick out,attacks palatine defetas at battle of white mountain 1620. Prot princes of germnay = fear of same treatment,appalled, dutch comes to help princes. Ended 1648 but kept fighting till 1660, france emerged as dominant power
100
1602s =
economic depression – thirty years war increased price of English goods, trade slumped ,workers reduced to poverty. 1621 parliament called to try resolve problems – coudnt do anything
1630s – recovered
101
Parliament of 1621
-called to ask for money to finance intervention in Europe. Granted two subsidies £70000, criticsed financial extravagance waste crruptiong of court.criticism not soely based at king- factions rivalry. E.g Buckingham vs bacon
102
Parliament of 1621 foreign policy debate
– nov reassembled, asked to grant more money for war.began attacig Spanish marriageproject and type of war.eg cheaper naval war
103
Protestation of house of commons 1621
– james peremptory letter provoked row with HoC – infirngment of their right of speech = commons pass protestation of HoC asserting parls rights. James saw dangerous precedent setting deate = ripped out of journal
104
Madrid trip 1623
- Spanish demanded he convert roman Catholicism as condition .promised to relax restrictions on English catholics, freedom of worship for catholic queen. Queen would remain in spain for year after wedding to ensure terms. Parl wouldn’t have accepted the terms
105
1624 parliament
- summoned to request subsidies for war. Charles and Buckingham supported impeachment of cranfield. Mps called to join war against spain to help Frederick.voted naval stategy.buckingahm and Charles pressured james to agree
106
James dies 27 march 1625 age 58
– had developed fever,Buckingham sent physician to help, condition delciend rspidly = dysentery which killed him, rumour spread Buckingham poisoned him
