Ch. 3 Flashcards
1624 parliament
James I calling for England to join naval war with Spain = help Frederick regain territory from Habsburgs . Buckingham + Charles pressure James to agree, he refuses. Still makes assurance to MPs that subsidies granted would be used to fight spain
French marriage alliance
Buckingham wanted to build anti-Habsburg alliance – requires cooperation of Catholics and provides wife for Charles
With the alliance James would contemplate military action
= confusing messages to the country about monarchy’s depth of commitment to Protestantism
Negotiations for marriage treaty and joint Anglo-French expedition to restore Fredrick
But French weren’t interested in military deal, wanted religious concessions
Marriage treaty of Nov 1624 stated that:
- Henrietta maria and servants practise religion freely
- Chapel in London
- Recusancy laws
- All Catholics released whos been imprisoned for Catholicism
charles + buckingham assumed military alliance later on
but French had no intention of war on habsburgs
Buckingham = too heavily committed – had to accept treaty English wouldn’t be happy with
Henrietta maria
1626 – smashed window with her fist during a quarrel – so unhappy in first years in England
1627 – when England went ot war with France = unpopular
Mansfeld expedition
Parl thought money for a naval war but used for mansfeld expedition – led by count Mansfeld
- To march with French to reconquer palatinate from Spain
Turned into fiasco. French king Louis XIII demanded had to first help military in Spanish Netherlands. James refused – didn’t want to fight Spanish Habsburgs.Louis wouldn’t allow safe passage for mansfeld. Had to land in Netherlands jan 1625 – weren’t expected, little food/supplies = soldiers wasted away
Parl felt deceived , sus of buckinghams competence.
Huguenot revolt and ‘loan fleet’
French hsd attempted to cursh Huguenots before – failed
Forced to grant safe areas in 1698
Louis xiii and richeliu now want to destroy military autonomy of Huguenots – at strongest base = la Rochelle
Richeuli broke peace agreements, prepped forts+army+fleet to attack la Rochelle
Huguenot noble rebelled first – Feb 1625 invaded and occupied islands of Rhe and Oleron . daring raid on French royal naval base = 6 ships of royal fleet captured
Louis XIII asks for English help – Charles and B send 7 ships – desperate to show alliance
Dutch also sned 20 ships
HOWEVER – revolt spreads to frnech Huguenots ( co religionist to England ) = outcry in England. Ask for ships to be returned – declined – so encouraged a mutiny , refused to take part and left at Dieppe – frnech took control of ships
Louis defeats Huguenots + recaptures Ile de Rhe + Olreon sep 1625
Feb 5 1626 treaty of paris signed between la Rochelle and louis – preserve religious freedom , la rochlle had to destroy forts,remove war fleet, louis has to destroy fort louis
Louis = reinforced fortification on ile de rhe , didn’t destroy fort louis
Edward Coke
- Lawyer and an MP
- 1621 led charge against royal prerogative over foreign policy against James. Wrote protestation
- Spent 8 months in tower for his defiance
- Succession of charles led to the showdown
- 1625 , supported grant of Tonnage and poundage for one year only, Charles took personally
- Charles chose him as country sheriff to keep out of parliament 1626
- 1627 parl = sjip money,five knights case,billeting,forced loan , challenged
- 1628 he drafted petition of right but retied before the session of 1629
parl opposition Sir John Pym –
puritan household,entered arliament 1621 supported the protestation, opposed Buckingham pro-spanish and catholic policies. Prominent opponent – helped impeach Buckingham + support Petition of right in 1628
parl oppositio to king Denzil Holles –
childhood friend to Charles, associated with parl opposition to king – spent an evening in tavern Three Cranes, devising plan to hold the speaker in his chair
parl opposition Sir John eliot
– leading critic of Buckingham , arrested for refusing to pay forced loan , involved in petition of right and three resolutions. Regarded too extreme by many MPs. 1629 = imprisoned in tower of London
Financing of Charles anti-Spanish policy
Expensive to equip and maintain military forces overseas = lots of pressure. Needed 1mill for his war with spain- called parliament. Expected enthusiasm and tonnage ad poundage granted.
June 1625 = assembled, distrusted buckinghams influence,reluctant to give too much money
Voted two subsidies - £140,000, not enough for effective war
Tonnage and poundage
Tonnage and poundage
- Led by Coke, voted for one year only
- Wanted to review customs revenue and rationalise but would take time and plague hit
- Restricted grant also targetetd buckinham – lord high admiral – so would benefit directly from the money raised
- Charles took as an attack, carried on collecting it
Angl-french alliance
-increased recuanscy fines, blamed on arrival of a catholic queen with large entourage
Montagu controversy
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- Charles grew up influence by Lancelot Andrewes, anticalvinist , wanted prot church of order and hierarchy, disliked Calvinism
- Montagu = Arminian clergyman, had been censored by abbot for his pamphlet – new gag for old goose that argued Calvinist not part of CofE teachings
- Charles willing to move away from broad church, shift towards High church – laudian ceremony and armiinian doctrine. Could be misinterp as step towards Catholicism
- = unpopular shift, feared a schism in C of E, criticism in parl followed
- Montagu appealed against attacks to charles – new pamphlet
- Parl renews attack on Montagu , MPs arrest him briefly
- Charles response = appointing Montagu as royal chaplain
- Criticism of Montagu = key reason for Charles dissolvement of parliament in the summe
Allegations against Buckingham + dissolution of Parl
Parl demanded enquiry into slaes/titles of bckingham
Charles loses patience = dissolves parliament
Nefore tonnage and poundage act passed BUT charles continues to collect anyway. Views action of commons as direct attack on his royal prerogative and divine right
Raid on Cadiz
Charles and Buckingham hope to repeat successes of raids of Cadiz like Sir Francis drake 1587 and Earl of Essex 1596
Funded by queens dowry money - £120,000
Edward cecil led expedition, assisted by Robert devereux( earl of essex)
6 oct 1625 – began
Stormy weather battered ships= damage and delays
Once arrived = too poorly supplied,too late
- expensive and humiliating failure
- failed to capture any ships, got drunk on spanihs wine and were massacred
- disease and sickness spread, had to reutnr to England with no goods and little impact on spain
On the journey home, battered by winter storms , reduced to eating rotten food, many died. Go thome December
raid on Cadiz consequences
- Cost £250000 – expensive and humiliating failure
- English opinion blamed buckingham
- Charles protecting fav = no effort to enquire failure
- Buckingham = furious at lack of French help
Anglo-french tension
Louis xiii refuses alliance agred with united provinces and England . only countyr to join = Denmark, cahrles agrees to pay king £30000 to develop Danish army
Henrietta’s marriage to charles = tension , intense arguments + French entourage offending enlgish courtiers= did not help Anglo-French alliance
Anglo-french alliance breaks
French agree to peace with spain – two mightiest catholic powers working together
Buckingham = focus blame. Was furious with richekui, plots to have him removed
Contacted French nobles and planned uprising with Huguenots but would require finance = Charles recalls parliament
York House Conference Feb 1626
- Foreign polic damaged prot credentials of charles and buckingham
- Charles = theological conference chaired by Buckingham, insisted secrecy
- Suggest by Robert Rich Earl of Warwick, to persuade Charles to stop support of anti Calvinist arminians – broader church accommaditng puritans
- Focused on montagu wiritngs then predestination
- Bucingham defended Montagu
- Had confirmed kings support for arminians = firhter tension in parliament
