Ch 5 Flashcards

Question

Sheriffs

Answer 1

Sheriffs = king chose, admnistartve justice,held crminals and presented at trials Constables = policing hundreds, answer to sheriff, serve unpaid ofr one year

Answer 2

Jps = foundation of judicial system , depend on constables, judged lesser crimes, enforce regulations

Answer 3

Lord lieutenants = organise local defence in national emergency, mobilise county militias into national army

Answer 4

Came from wentowrth and laud – tried to achieve in their roles as servants to the crown Operated by gov officials- monitored, held accountable for actions in kings service, exceptionally long hours, attention to detail believed in order returned to church and state, corruption rooted out

Answer 5

= accountability - a gov looking closely at actions of officials and held responsible for mistakes – efficient system

Answer 6

- Struck a chord with charles, problems in 1620s came from inefficient local gov system, unpaid officals enforcing unpopular policies. King needed local officials to fear crown

Answer 7

Traditional function = means of communication betw crown and local gov First issued 1578, 12 revision 1631 Prompted by chronic poverty caused by harvest failures of 1629 and 30 Set out reform of local gov, brainchild of henry montagu 8 orders and 12 directions Instructions to prevent vagrancy, allocate poor hildren to apprenticeships, employ idle, repair roads Innovatory = orders , outlined more professional practices for JPs – monthly meeting at hunded, monthly reports to sheriff, then reported to circuit judges then to privy council Step towards absokutism? Or remind local of duty to protect weak

Answer 8

Wars 1620s revealed the deficiciences Counties now ordered maintain stores of powder and shot, improve weapons, provide proper drill Commissioner appointed by privy council = check reforms in place Tudor statutes regulating militias repealed 1604 = questioning legality attempts Objections due to loss of local independence and imposition of central control Peace agreed 1630, exact militia relaxed and standards slipped agai

Answer 9

- Parls called 1625,1626,1628 , in need of money - Dissolved 1629, felt they were exploiting his need for financial help- unacceptable limiations on kingly power, parl argues maintaining trad rights against an innovative king - Charles only options = alt way - Meant replacing extraordinary revenue from parl by exploiting ordinary income of the crown

Answer 10

custom duties, feudal dues, income from royal estates

Answer 11

= emergencies and specials purposes Only parl can authorise a general tax

Answer 12

Annual income 1629 = £600,000 1629 debt = £ 2 mill Military inadequate Custom duty revenues falling – wars with France and spain Cost of royal household rising Least taxed country in Europe Widespread view moarch – ‘ live of their own’

Answer 13

granted by parl, equal ampunt tax on every individual

Answer 14

custom duties on wool and wine , traditionally a major source of revenue . successful = boosted income,plans to resist collapse 1629 . 1631-35 customs yielded for crown £270000 BUT = resentment , parl hadn’t approved

Answer 15

Impositions = new import duties onh customs goods, prev untaxed. Collected dated from E and James reign. Raised £53000 in 1631-35 , £119583 in 1636-41= new import duties onh customs goods, prev untaxed.

Answer 16

borrowing money from city of London and financers . relied heavily on in 1620s Large loan of charles repaying from james caused a credit crunch. Philip burlamachi – chief financer destroyed

Answer 17

punished offences in royal courts. Unsuccessful = resentment about exploitation

Answer 18

Monopolies = right to produce/ import/sell prodcuts cartain goods. Caused major tensions, 1624- illegal for individs not companies Raised £100,000 a year in 1630s Most lucrative = £33000 Richard Weston\ ‘ popish soap” Weston&co – crytpo-catholics Many refused to buy the soap = balck market trade = at price of loss of political capital

Answer 19

Rents from crown lands – trad major source of crown revenue. Worth £60000 in 1600 1630- commission for defective titles set up , examined royal land and leases New renst imposed on those with no reason not to pay

Answer 20

Recusancy fines – tightened. Worth £7000 in 1600 but £5300 by 1620s £26866 raised in 1634

Answer 21

Purveyance – crowns right to purchase food/necessities for cout at below market value. £38000 a year = resentment esp. farmers, loss of political capital

Answer 22

Wardship = amcoemt feuda right, landowner died,crown had land till heir came of age and arranged marriage. Exploited = king as guardian of kids when rich parents die = collect rent

Answer 23

Cottington = master of court of wards 1635 Families charged higher rates , by 1640 = £84000 3 wardships in quick succession could destroy rich families wwealth Unfair=resented Demographic accident

Answer 24

Livery – charges for livery fines increased. Kings right to receive money

Answer 25

Sale of honours = selling noble titles e.g baronetcies created 1611, sold for £1065 each Limited. Charge positions at court + royal proclamations stipulated excessive fines. William palmer £1000 fine for being at court without permission

Answer 26

Enclosure fines = fines for landowners who fenced off open land. Tightly enforced, boosted revenue, provoked riots. Draining fens of Cambridgeshire

Answer 27

Sale of royal lands esp royal forests = upset poorer folk 1625-29 selling off royal lands worth £640000 1625-35 by 1630 = few left

Answer 28

forced loans = benevolence, wealthy individs forced to pay to show loyalty to king 1627 raised £240000. But upset many – didn’t resort to using

Answer 29

Distraint of knighthood = freeholders with land worth £40 + a year present themselves for knighthood at coronation . Had been abandoned 1540s but lapsed / revived 1630s – fines levied for not going to Charles coronation then had to buy knighthood Brought over £100000 in , by 1635 = £175000 raised David Foulis = rallied gentry resistance

Answer 30

Forest fines = revived, limits of royal forests same ass in edwrad Is reign Families with property within bounds – fined If unable to show documents of ownership £20,000 forest fine Earl of Salisbury Heavy fines on. Wealthy lords and gentry = alienated kings supporters Raised £38067 nut anger, resentment. + only one-off payments not flow of income

Answer 31

Building fines = nobody to build outside walls of city of London, would provide cover for attackers. Exploited- analysis of ancient town charters, precise laws fell on londonbers, new homes built (over 60000) since 1603

Answer 32

Ship money = ancient tax on coastal areas to build ships to protect trade from piracy. Trad for times of war. No precedent for raising, annual perm tax. Charles attempted to raise 1628, bought in £170000 but backed down local collectors opposed. 1630 faced major threats French privateers, African salve trading pirates attacked villages in Ireland devon cornwall, English navy too weak to stop Oct 1634 = successful. Based on a precedent. Pressing case for fudning imporved navy, John Hotham imprisoned since 1627 for refusing to pay forced loan , cooperated as local sheriff to collect = evidence of cooperation

Answer 33

Whig interpretation = attempt of absolutism Some = no evidence, associate with earl of warwick, saye and sele Tax was use to build up navy – efficiently and successfully collected Natural / logical desire to maximise crown resources

Answer 34

Wealthy gentry family , long history royal service r but puritan MP = 1621 parl , close frineds saye and sele 1626 tried to impeach buckingham Imprionsed for not paying ofrced loan, released 1628

Answer 35

Puritan lawyer, defended Hampden In ship money case = mp in 1640

Answer 36

1636 = third year, Hampden refuses. One of richest , only refused to pay £1 – matter of princple , taxation should be by consent Part of campaign by saye and sele Nov 1637 – prosecuted in court of exchequer = test for kings prerogative 12 judges heard case, 5 in hampdens favour, 7 In kings = regarded moral vicotyr against king

Answer 37

Before 1638 = many protests When ship money extended to inland counties 16365 – privy counil so overwhelmed with complaints , appeals unable to continue reforms 1639 = tax strike, double burden of ship money and ‘coat and conduct ‘ money – no more Nade office of sheriff increasingly intolerabke – had to pay deifict in the wuota = fewer members of country gentry willing to undertake job Starined sytem co-operation

Answer 38

Hampden ship money mobilised signif network of puritan gentleman – main reason why ship money recipts dropped by 1630s end Trial and punishment of Prynne,bastwick,burton widely known and discussed, casted light on severity kings repression of critics and presence of dissenting voices Kings circle of advisers continued to shrink Effieicny of thorough provoked opposition

Answer 39

Growing swell opposition voices demonstrated building tension But reduced ways pressure expressed - Absence of parl = prevents policitcal nation debating will to king - Thorough had control of regions, voices normally heard at westminister ereduced - narrow court circle around charles 1637 – despite individual disquiet, no assembled voices demanding parl recalled or king power limited